6.3 Reading #1 : Introduction to Stem The shoot system of a plant includes stems. Depending on the type of plant, they can vary in
diameter and length from a few millimeters to hundreds of meters. Although some plants, like the
potato, have underground stems as well, stems are typically found above ground. Herbaceous (soft)
or woody stems are both possible. Their main function is to provide support to the plant, holding
leaves, flowers and buds; in some cases, stems also store food for the plant. A stem can be sparsely
branched, as in the case of a palm tree, or densely branched, as in the case of a magnolia tree. The
plant's stem joins the roots to the leaves and aids in the movement of absorbed water and minerals to
various parts of the plant. Additionally, it aids in the movement of sugars, a byproduct of
photosynthesis, from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Nodes and
internodes are features of all plant stems, whether above or below ground (Figure
98). Leaf, aerial root, and flower nodes serve as points of attachment. The stem region between two
nodes is called an internode. The stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf is the petiole.
An
axillary bud is usually found in the axil—the area between the base of a leaf and the stem—
where it can give rise to a branch or a flower. The apex (tip) of the shoot contains the apical meristem
within the
apical bud .
Figure 98. Nodes are the locations where leaves are connected to plant stems. The stem space
between two nodes is known as an internode. The stalk that joins the leaf to the stem is called a petiole. From
axillary buds emerged the leaves directly above the nodes.
Stem Anatomy The ground tissue gives rise to the stem and other plant organs, which are primarily composed
of simple tissues made of the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cell types.