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in Figure 102. Herbaceous plants primarily experience primary growth, with little to no secondary
growth or thickening. Woody plants have secondary growth, or "wood," which is visible; it occurs in
some dicots but is extremely infrequent in monocots.
Figure 102.
Secondary growth occurs after primary growth
in woody plants, allowing the plant stem
to thicken or enlarge in size.
As the plant develops, additional vascular tissue and a cork layer are added. The
bark of a tree extends from the vascular cambium to the epidermis.
Indeterminate growth refers to the fact that some plant parts, like stems and roots, continue to
grow over the course of a plant's existence. Other plant parts, like leaves and flowers, grow with a
predictable rate that ends when they reach a certain size.
Primary Growth
The apices, or tips, of stems and roots experience the majority of primary growth. The shoot
tip and root tip's apical meristems,
where cells divide quickly, are the source of primary growth. The
process of subsequent cell elongation also aids in primary growth. The growth of shoots and roots
during primary growth enables plants to continuously seek water (roots) or sunlight (shoots).
Apical dominance is the term for the effect of the apical bud on the overall growth of the plant, which
inhibits the development of axillary buds that develop along the sides of branches and stems. The
majority of coniferous trees have strong apical dominance, which results
in the traditional conical
shape of Christmas trees. The axillary buds will begin to form lateral branches if the apical bud is
removed. By removing the tops of branches from plants during pruning, gardeners can encourage the
axillary buds to spread out and give the plant a bushy shape.
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