The theoretical crystallization
(liquefaction temperature) and the practical
crystallization (liquefaction) temperature is called the degree of supercooling and is
denoted by the letter n. For example, the theoretical crystallization (liquefaction)
temperature of antimony is equal to 631 C, that degree of cooling is n=41 C can reach
, then the practical crystallization temperature is 631-41=590 C.
Температ
ура
С
Вакт
Т
у.с.
Т
м
n
23
Figure 2.2. Pure metal cooling curve. Tm is the theoretical crystallization
temperature. T.
us
is the practical crystallization temperature
For most metals, the rate of cooling during crystallization is very small.
The crystallization process consists of two stages: I- formation of crystallization
centers ; Growth of II-crystals (above centers at raf).
Crystals begin to grow from the formed crystallization centers .
play a big role in the formation of crystallization centers : crystallization centers
are formed from foreign particles .
At first, the crystals grow freely, keeping their geometric shapes . At the places
where the growing crystals meet each other, the growth stops and the growth begins to
grow in the direction of the y- axis . The geometric shape is distorted. Such crystal
grains are called crystallites or polyhedra.
Figure 2.3. The scheme of the dependence of the number of centers and the rate of
growth on the supercooling rate.
It is known that in production, ingots are obtained from liquid metals in molds
of various shapes. When a high-temperature liquid metal crystallizes in a cold mold,
the section of the ingot cools at different rates, and an inhomogeneous ingot is obtained.
к.т., мм/сек.
м.с., мм
сек
Ута совиш даражаси, n, C
n
1
n
2
к.т.
м.с.
-3
-1
24
Figure 2.4. The structure of the steel casting: 1st fine-grained zone; 2- Zone of long
grains; 3- Zone of equiaxed grains; 4- gas gap.
The structure of steel casting is presented in Figure 2.4 . Q house consists of
three structural parts. The reason for this is the heat exchange of liquid metal with the
external environment zone 1 is formed as a result of rapid cooling of the metal affected
by the mold wall, the heat exchanger is normalized to the mold wall as it moves away
from the mold wall, and elongated crystals grow in the working direction (zone 2);
gradually cooling of the metal in the middle part of the deposit is equalized in all
directions and equiaxed crystals appear (zone 3). The mechanical properties of these
zones also differ: zone 1 is very hard and brittle, zone 2 is dense and strong, and zone
3 is soft.
25
Ingots with such structure and properties are sent to mechanical processing after
recrystallization annealing treatment.
Figure 2.5. Allotropic changes in pure iron.
Pure iron t
melting
= 1539
o
C. In solidifying iron, there is an allotropic change at
each critical point.
Control questions.
1. Types of crystal lattice.
2. Defects in the crystal lattice.
3. What is polymorphism of materials?
4. What are allotropic properties of metals?
5. What are atomic (homeopolar, covalent) bonds ?
The properties of the internal structure of any metal and alloy, the phenomena
that occur when it is heated and cooled, depend on how much the mixture is mixed
with each other. Usually metals (alloys) are crystallized during cooling, the
composition changes from liquid state to solid state, this type of crystallization is called
primary crystallization.
26
Recrystallization as a result of cooling of the molten metal is called secondary
crystallization. To better understand the crystallization process, let's see crystallization
in a graph.
The crystallization of metals is determined by a device called a pyrometer, which
monitors the solidification of a liquid metal over time or the transition of a metal from
a solid state to a liquid state. The changes that occurred in a certain time unit are
recorded, and a cooling or solidification curve is drawn for the obtained material in the
temperature and time coordinate.
For example, if it is necessary to draw a melting curve of some metal, a diagram
is drawn based on the obtained data. (Figure 2.6)
Figure 2.6. Metal Melting Graph.
On the diagram, Av-horizontal section t
is
the critical point of the melt a-the
starting point of the melt v-the end of the melt
As you can see from the diagram, when the temperature reaches a certain level,
there is a somewhat constant stop (these stops are also present when it cools down )
and some internal changes take place. When the metal is heated, it absorbs the heat
applied to the metal, and when it is cooled, the heat is released from the metal, which
causes the metal to stop heating or cooling. The temperature corresponding to changes
in a metal's state or structure is called the critical point. For crystallization of molten
metal, it is necessary to cool it to a temperature lower than the melting temperature,
because at this temperature atoms are grouped according to a specific scheme and form
crystals.
27
Вакт сек
Т
э
Т
к
Т
0
Т
э
Т
к
Т
0
Вакт сек
2.7 . Metal cooling graph.
T
er
is the melting temperature of the metal
T
k
- the end of the crystallization temperature of the metal
A - the beginning of crystallization
V - the end of crystallization
It is known that an alloy is a compound formed by mixing two or more elements
together. Most alloys are obtained by melting, but it is possible to obtain alloys by
electrolysis, condensation, evaporation and other methods. Alloys can also contain
non-metallic elements, but the main element is metal. Not all metals mix to form an
alloy. Example: without mixing iron and lead, an alloy is not formed, but a layered
compound is formed.
We study the state diagram of a mixture formed of only two elements. 3-4
element alloys state diagram material science teaching.
The state diagram of alloys characterizes the structural change during
solidification of the molten mixture and gives clear information about the structure of
the given alloy. According to the state diagram, the structure and properties of a given
alloy can be known in advance. In addition, the state diagram is of great service for
scientifically justifying the thermal performance of alloys. Let's draw the lead-
antimony state diagram to clearly see the state diagram of the alloy. Lead and antimony
react well with each other , it forms a lot of alloy.
28
Table 1.
Melting and crystallization temperatures of lead and antimony alloy with different
compositions
Alloys
No
Content %
The melting temperature
of the alloy
Crystallization
temperature of
the alloy
lead
antimon
y
1.
95
5
296
0
246
0
2.
- 90
10
260
0
246
0
3.
87
13
246
0
246
0
4.
80
20
280
0
246
0
5.
60
40
395
0
246
0
6.
20
80
570
0
246
0
The melting temperature of lead is 327°C
The melting temperature of antimony is 631°С
Critical melting and crystallization temperatures and points are needed to draw
a state diagram of a known alloy. They are obtained through experience.
To draw a phase diagram, we take a lead-antimony alloy with 6 properties.
Figure 2.8 Lead-slip state diagram.
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