Materials and methods
During the research for this paper, foreign and domestic literature was used, and the
reports of institutions dealing with food security issues, such as: IFPRI, FAO, EIU, UN,
were analyzed.
3
3 IFPRI – International Food Policy Research Institute, FAO – Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nation, EIU-Economist Intelligence Unit, UN – United Nations.
http://ea.bg.ac.rs
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Economics of Agriculture, Year 67, No. 4, 2020, (pp. 1191-1204), Belgrade
The Global Food Security Index was used to analyze the state of food security in Serbia
and chosen countries in the region. GFSI is an annual index created for comprehensive
measurement and monitoring of food security, and its components in individual
countries worldwide. It has been calculated since 2012 by the Economist Intelligence
Unit (EIU). GFSI is a tool for measuring food security at the national level that includes
indicators of affordability, availability, quality and food safety (EIU, 2017). The index
is based on a large number of factors that affect the food system, i.e. the food security
of the country, from political stability to climate threats.
A detailed methodology of calculating the GFSI index is presented in the next part of
the paper. In addition to the analysis of documents, during the preparation of the paper,
a comparative method was used in order to evaluate the position of Serbia in relation to
the neighbouring countries.
Theoretical framework of research
The concept of food security has ‘evolved, developed, multiplied and diversified’
(Shaw, 2007). This concept first appeared in 1943 at a conference in Virginia, USA
during World War II. During this conference, the idea was adopted that it is necessary
to provide all people with a safe and adequate supply of food. Over time, the concept of
food security becomes more complex, and in addition to availability of food, the issue
of economic and physical access to food is introduced. Therefore, at the World Food
Summit held in 1996, food security was defined as state where “all people, at all times,
have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO, 1996).
Starting from the previous definition of food security, four main dimensions of food
security can be identified: availability, access, utilization and stability. These dimensions
must be fulfilled simultaneously in order to achieve food security.
∼
Physical availability of food questions the supply and it determines if there is
enough food present from production, reserves, market and net trade.
∼
Economic and physical access to food is related to level of households and it
concerns whether or not households and individuals have sufficient access to
food, assuming that the previous level is achieved and that there is enough food
on national level.
∼
Food utilisation answers the question of maximizing the consumption of
adequate nutrition and energy. It determines the nutritional status of individuals,
which means that a person take sufficient energy and nutrient from the available
and accessible food.
∼
Finally, stability of the other three dimensions over time questions if the whole
system is stable, so households and individuals can have previous dimensions
fulfilled continuously, and not on periodic basis. Stability can be threatened by
climatic economic, social and political factors (FAO, 2019).
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