Neurosurgical Patients: Slower induction is recommended using boluses of 20 mg every
9
10 seconds. Slower boluses or infusions of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for induction of
10
anesthesia, titrated to clinical responses, will generally result in reduced induction dosage
11
requirements (1 to 2 mg/kg). (See
PRECAUTIONS
and
DOSAGE AND
12
ADMINISTRATION.
)
13
Cardiac Anesthesia: DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has been well-studied in patients
14
with coronary artery disease, but experience in patients with hemodynamically significant
15
valvular or congenital heart disease is limited. As with other anesthetic and sedative-
16
hypnotic agents, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion in healthy patients causes a decrease in
17
blood pressure that is secondary to decreases in preload (ventricular filling volume at the end
18
of the diastole) and afterload (arterial resistance at the beginning of the systole). The
19
magnitude of these changes is proportional to the blood and effect site concentrations
20
achieved. These concentrations depend upon the dose and speed of the induction and
21
maintenance infusion rates.
35
1
In addition, lower heart rates are observed during maintenance with DIPRIVAN Injectable
2
Emulsion, possibly due to reduction of the sympathetic activity and/or resetting of the
3
baroreceptor reflexes. Therefore, anticholinergic agents should be administered when
4
increases in vagal tone are anticipated.
5
As with other anesthetic agents, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion reduces myocardial oxygen
6
consumption. Further studies are needed to confirm and delineate the extent of these effects
7
on the myocardium and the coronary vascular system.
8
Morphine premedication (0.15 mg/kg) with nitrous oxide 67% in oxygen has been shown to
9
decrease the necessary DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion maintenance infusion rates and
10
therapeutic blood concentrations when compared to non-narcotic (lorazepam) premedication.
11
The rate of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administration should be determined based on
12
the patient's premedication and adjusted according to clinical responses.
13
A rapid bolus induction should be avoided. A slow rate of approximately 20 mg every 10
14
seconds until induction onset (0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg) should be used. In order to assure adequate
15
anesthesia, when DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is used as the primary agent, maintenance
16
infusion rates should not be less than 100 mcg/kg/min and should be supplemented with
17
analgesic levels of continuous opioid administration. When an opioid is used as the primary
18
agent, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion maintenance rates should not be less than
19
50 mcg/kg/min, and care should be taken to ensure amnesia. Higher doses of DIPRIVAN
20
Injectable Emulsion will reduce the opioid requirements (see
Table 4
). When DIPRIVAN
21
Injectable Emulsion is used as the primary anesthetic, it should not be administered with the
36
1
high-dose opioid technique as this may increase the likelihood of hypotension (see
2
PRECAUTIONS - Cardiac Anesthesia
).
3
Table 4. Cardiac Anesthesia Techniques
Primary Agent
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
Preinduction
Anxiolysis
Induction
Maintenance
(Titrated to Clinical
Response)
OPIOID
b
Induction
Maintenance
Rate
Secondary Agent/Rate
(Following Induction with Primary Agent)
OPIOID
a
/0.05-0.075 mcg/kg/min (no bolus)
25 mcg/kg/min
0.5-1.5 mg/kg
over 60 sec
100-150 mcg/kg/mi
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion/50-100 mcg/kg/min
(no bolus)
25-50 mcg/kg
0.2-0.3 mcg/kg/mi
4
a
OPIOID is defined in terms of fentanyl equivalents, i.e.,
5
1 µg of fentanyl
= 5 mcg of alfentanil (for bolus)
6
= 10 mcg of alfentanil (for maintenance)
7
or
8
= 0.1 mcg of sufentanil
9
b
Care should be taken to ensure amnesia .
10
Maintenance of General Anesthesia
11
Adult Patients: In adults, anesthesia can be maintained by administering DIPRIVAN
12
Injectable Emulsion by infusion or intermittent IV bolus injection. The patient's clinical
13
response will determine the infusion rate or the amount and frequency of incremental
14
injections.
15
Continuous Infusion: DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion 100 to 200 mcg/kg/min
16
administered in a variable rate infusion with 60%-70% nitrous oxide and oxygen provides
17
anesthesia for patients undergoing general surgery. Maintenance by infusion of DIPRIVAN
37
1
Injectable Emulsion should immediately follow the induction dose in order to provide
2
satisfactory or continuous anesthesia during the induction phase. During this initial period
3
following the induction dose, higher rates of infusion are generally required (150 to 200
4
mcg/kg/min) for the first 10 to 15 minutes. Infusion rates should subsequently be decreased
5
30%-50% during the first half-hour of maintenance. Generally, rates of 50 - 100 mcg/kg/min
6
in adults should be achieved during maintenance in order to optimize recovery times.
7
Other drugs that cause CNS depression (hypnotics/sedatives, inhalational anesthetics, and
8
opioids) can increase the CNS depression induced by propofol.
9
Intermittent Bolus: Increments of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion 25 mg (2.5 mL) to 50
10
mg (5 mL) may be administered with nitrous oxide in adult patients undergoing general
11
surgery. The incremental boluses should be administered when changes in vital signs
12
indicate a response to surgical stimulation or light anesthesia.
13
Pediatric Patients: DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administered as a variable rate infusion
14
supplemented with nitrous oxide 60% - 70% provides satisfactory anesthesia for most
15
children 2 months of age or older, ASA-PS I or II, undergoing general anesthesia.
16
In general, for the pediatric population, maintenance by infusion of DIPRIVAN Injectable
17
Emulsion at a rate of 200 – 300 mcg/kg/min should immediately follow the induction dose.
18
Following the first half-hour of maintenance, infusion rates of 125-150 mcg/kg/min are
19
typically needed. DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be titrated to achieve the desired
20
clinical effect. Younger pediatric patients may require higher maintenance infusion rates
21
than older pediatric patients. (See
Table 2 Clinical Trials.
)
38
1
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has been used with a variety of agents commonly used in
2
anesthesia such as atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, diazepam, depolarizing and
3
nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, and opioid analgesics, as well as with inhalational and
4
regional anesthetic agents.
5
In the elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients, rapid bolus doses should not be used,
6
as this will increase cardiorespiratory effects including hypotension, apnea, airway
7
obstruction, and oxygen desaturation.
8
Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) Sedation
9
Adult Patients: When DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is administered for MAC sedation,
10
rates of administration should be individualized and titrated to clinical response. In most
11
patients, the rates of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administration will be in the range of
12
25-75 mcg/kg/min.
13
During initiation of MAC sedation, slow infusion or slow injection techniques are preferable
14
over rapid bolus administration. During maintenance of MAC sedation, a variable rate
15
infusion is preferable over intermittent bolus dose administration. In the elderly, debilitated,
16
or ASA-PS III or IV patients, rapid (single or repeated) bolus dose administration should not
17
be used for MAC sedation. (See
WARNINGS.
) A rapid bolus injection can result in
18
undesirable cardiorespiratory depression including hypotension, apnea, airway obstruction,
19
and oxygen desaturation.
20
Initiation of MAC Sedation: For initiation of MAC sedation, either an infusion or a slow
21
injection method may be utilized while closely monitoring cardiorespiratory function. With
22
the infusion method, sedation may be initiated by infusing DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
39
1
at 100 to 150 mcg/kg/min (6 to 9 mg/kg/h) for a period of 3 to 5 minutes and titrating to the
2
desired clinical effect while closely monitoring respiratory function. With the slow injection
3
method for initiation, patients will require approximately 0.5 mg/kg administered over 3 to 5
4
minutes and titrated to clinical responses. When DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is
5
administered slowly over 3 to 5 minutes, most patients will be adequately sedated, and the
6
peak drug effect can be achieved while minimizing undesirable cardiorespiratory effects
7
occurring at high plasma levels.
8
In the elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients, rapid (single or repeated) bolus dose
9
administration should not be used for MAC sedation. (See
WARNINGS.
) The rate of
10
administration should be over 3-5 minutes and the dosage of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
11
should be reduced to approximately 80% of the usual adult dosage in these patients according
12
to their condition, responses, and changes in vital signs. (See
DOSAGE AND
13
ADMINISTRATION.
)
14
Maintenance of MAC Sedation: For maintenance of sedation, a variable rate infusion
15
method is preferable over an intermittent bolus dose method. With the variable rate infusion
16
method, patients will generally require maintenance rates of 25 to 75 mcg/kg/min (1.5 to 4.5
17
mg/kg/h) during the first 10 to 15 minutes of sedation maintenance. Infusion rates should
18
subsequently be decreased over time to 25 to 50 mcg/kg/min and adjusted to clinical
19
responses. In titrating to clinical effect, allow approximately 2 minutes for onset of peak
20
drug effect.
21
Infusion rates should always be titrated downward in the absence of clinical signs of light
22
sedation until mild responses to stimulation are obtained in order to avoid sedative
40
1
administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion at rates higher than are clinically
2
necessary.
3
If the intermittent bolus dose method is used, increments of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
4
10 mg (1 mL) or 20 mg (2 mL) can be administered and titrated to desired clinical effect.
5
With the intermittent bolus method of sedation maintenance, there is increased potential for
6
respiratory depression, transient increases in sedation depth, and prolongation of recovery.
7
In the elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients, rapid (single or repeated) bolus dose
8
administration should not be used for MAC sedation. (See
WARNINGS.
) The rate of
9
administration and the dosage of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be reduced to
10
approximately 80% of the usual adult dosage in these patients according to their condition,
11
responses, and changes in vital signs. (See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
)
12
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion can be administered as the sole agent for maintenance of
13
MAC sedation during surgical/diagnostic procedures. When DIPRIVAN Injectable
14
Emulsion sedation is supplemented with opioid and/or benzodiazepine medications, these
15
agents increase the sedative and respiratory effects of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion and
16
may also result in a slower recovery profile. (See
PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions.
)
17
ICU Sedation: (See
WARNINGS
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,
18
Handling Procedures.
)
19
Abrupt discontinuation of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion prior to weaning or for daily
20
evaluation of sedation levels should be avoided. This may result in rapid awakening with
21
associated anxiety, agitation, and resistance to mechanical ventilation. Infusions of
22
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be adjusted to assure a minimal level of sedation is
41
1
maintained throughout the weaning process and when assessing the level of sedation. (See
2
PRECAUTIONS.
)
3
Adult Patients: For intubated, mechanically ventilated adult patients, Intensive Care Unit
4
(ICU) sedation should be initiated slowly with a continuous infusion in order to titrate to
5
desired clinical effect and minimize hypotension. (See
DOSAGE AND
6
ADMINISTRATION.
)
7
Most adult ICU patients recovering from the effects of general anesthesia or deep sedation
8
will require maintenance rates of 5 to 50 mcg/kg/min (0.3 to 3 mg/kg/h) individualized and
9
titrated to clinical response. (See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
) With medical ICU
10
patients or patients who have recovered from the effects of general anesthesia or deep
11
sedation, the rate of administration of 50 mcg/kg/min or higher may be required to achieve
12
adequate sedation. These higher rates of administration may increase the likelihood of
13
patients developing hypotension.
14
Dosage and rate of administration should be individualized and titrated to the desired effect,
15
according to clinically relevant factors including the patient’s underlying medical problems,
16
preinduction and concomitant medications, age, ASA-PS classification, and level of
17
debilitation of the patient. The elderly, debilitated, and ASA-PS III or IV patients may have
18
exaggerated hemodynamic and respiratory responses to rapid bolus doses. (See
19
WARNINGS.
)
20
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be individualized according to the patient's condition
21
and response, blood lipid profile, and vital signs. (See
PRECAUTIONS - Intensive Care
22
Unit Sedation.
) For intubated, mechanically ventilated adult patients, Intensive Care Unit
42
1
(ICU) sedation should be initiated slowly with a continuous infusion in order to titrate to
2
desired clinical effect and minimize hypotension. When indicated, initiation of sedation
3
should begin at 5 mcg/kg/min (0.3 mg/kg/h). The infusion rate should be increased by
4
increments of 5 to 10 mcg/kg/min (0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg/h) until the desired level of sedation is
5
achieved. A minimum period of 5 minutes between adjustments should be allowed for onset
6
of peak drug effect. Most adult patients require maintenance rates of 5 to 50 mcg/kg/min
7
(0.3 to 3 mg/kg/h) or higher. Dosages of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be reduced
8
in patients who have received large dosages of narcotics. Conversely, the DIPRIVAN
9
Injectable Emulsion dosage requirement may be reduced by adequate management of pain
10
with analgesic agents. As with other sedative medications, there is interpatient variability in
11
dosage requirements, and these requirements may change with time. (See SUMMARY OF
12
DOSAGE GUIDELINES.) Evaluation of level of sedation and assessment of cns function
13
should be carried out daily throughout maintenance to determine the minimum dose of
14
DIPRIVAN required for sedation (see
CLINICAL TRIALS, Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
15
Sedation
). Bolus administration of 10 or 20 mg should only be used to rapidly increase depth
16
of sedation in patients where hypotension is not likely to occur. Patients with compromised
17
myocardial function, intravascular volume depletion, or abnormally low vascular tone (e.g.,
18
sepsis) may be more susceptible to hypotension. (See
PRECAUTIONS.
).
19
SUMMARY OF DOSAGE GUIDELINES
20
Dosages and rates of administration in the following table should be individualized and
21
titrated to clinical response. Safety and dosing requirements for induction of anesthesia in
22
pediatric patients have only been established for children 3 years of age or older. Safety and
43
1
dosing requirements for the maintenance of anesthesia have only been established for
2
children 2 months of age and older.
3
For complete dosage information, see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
.
INDICATION
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Induction of General Anesthesia
Healthy Adults Less Than 55 Years of Age:
40 mg every 10 seconds until induction onset (2 to 2.5 mg/kg).
Elderly, Debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV Patients:
20 mg every 10 seconds until induction onset (1 to 1.5 mg/kg).
Cardiac Anesthesia:
20 mg every 10 seconds until induction onset (0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg).
Neurosurgical Patients:
20 mg every 10 seconds until induction onset (1 to 2 mg/kg)
Pediatric Patients - healthy, from 3 years to 16 years of age:
2.5 to 3.5 mg/kg administered over 20-30 seconds.
(See
PRECAUTIONS – Pediatric Use:
and
CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY – Pediatrics
)
Maintenance of General Anesthesia: Infusion
Healthy Adults Less Than 55 Years of Age:
100 to 200 mcg/kg/min (6 to 12 mg/kg/h).
Elderly, Debilitated, ASA-PS III or IV Patients:
50 to 100 mcg/kg/min (3 to 6 mg/kg/h).
Cardiac Anesthesia: Most patients require:
Primary DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion with Secondary Opioid –
100 – 150 mcg/kg/min
Low-Dose DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion with Primary Opioid –
50 - 100 mcg/kg/min
(See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Table 4
)
Neurosurgical Patients:
100 to 200 mcg/kg/min (6 to 12 mg/kg/h).
Pediatric Patients - healthy, from 2 months of age to 16 years of age:
125 to 300 mcg/kg/min (7.5 to 18 mg/kg/h)
Following the first half hour of maintenance, if clinical signs of light
anesthesia are not present, the infusion rate should be decreased.
(See
PRECAUTIONS – Pediatric Use:
and
CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY – Pediatrics
)
Maintenance of General Anesthesia: Intermittent Bolus
Healthy Adults Less Than 55 Years of Age:
Increments of 20 to 50 mg as needed.
Initiation of MAC Sedation:
Healthy Adults Less Than 55 Years of Age:
Slow infusion or slow injection techniques are recommended to avoid apnea
44
or hypotension. Most patients require an infusion of 100 to 150 mcg/kg/min
(6 to 9 mg/kg/h) for 3 to 5 minutes or a slow injection of 0.5 mg/kg over 3
to 5 minutes followed immediately by a maintenance infusion.
Elderly, Debilitated, Neurosurgical, or ASA-PS III or IV Patients:
Most patients require dosages similar to healthy adults.
Rapid boluses are to be avoided. (See
WARNINGS.
)
Maintenance of MAC Sedation
Healthy Adults Less Than 55 Years of Age:
A variable rate infusion technique is preferable over an intermittent bolus
technique. Most patients require an infusion of 25 to 75 mcg/kg/min
(1.5 to 4.5 mg/kg/h) or incremental bolus doses of 10 mg or 20 mg.
In Elderly, Debilitated, Neurosurgical, or ASA-PS III or IV Patients:
Most patients require 80% of the usual adult dose. A rapid (single or
repeated) bolus dose should not be used. (See
WARNINGS.
)
Initiation and Maintenance of ICU Sedation in Intubated, Mechanically Ventilated
Dostları ilə paylaş: |