G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

by without looking at me.
U menga qaramasdan o‘tib ket-
di (mashinasini haydab, yugurib 
o‘tib ketdi.)
7. By ishlatilgan fe’l birikmalari:
to devide (multiply by -ga 
bo‘lmoq (ko‘ paytirmoq)
Devide (multiply) this 
number by six.
Bu sonni oltiga bo‘ling 
(ko‘paytiring).
to increase (decrease, 
rise, exceed) by -ga 
ko‘tarmoq (kamaytirmoq, 
oshirmoq)
In September the output 
of our plant increased 
by 15 per cent, as com-
pared with the preceding 
month.
Sentabrda zavodimiz 
da 
mahsulot ishlab chiqa rish 
oldingi oyda giga qara-
ganda 15 foizga oshdi.
to judge by -ga qarab 
hukm qilmoq, xulosa 
chiqarmoq
Never judge by appear-
ances.
Hech qachon odamning 
tashqi ko‘rini 
shiga qa-
rab hukm qilmang.
to mean by bilan … de-
moqchi bo‘lmoq
What do you mean by 
that? 
Bu bilan nima demoq-
chisiz?
to take (seize, hold, pull) 
by -dan ush lamoq, tutmoq 
(changallamoq, tortmoq)
He took her by the arm.
U uning qo‘lidan ushladi 
(tutdi).
to get by tirikchilik qil-
ishga muvaffaq bo‘lmoq, 
kun o‘t kazmoq
Despite the high cost of 
living, we will get by on 
my salary.
Narxlar qimmat bo‘li-
shiga qaramasdan biz 
mening maoshim bilan 
tirikchilikni o‘t 
kazishga 
muvaffaq bo‘ lamiz.

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212
8. by bilan kelgan iboralar:
by accident to‘satdan, tasodifan 
by chance tasodifan 
by day (night) kunduzi (tunda) 
by the day (the week) kunlik (hafta-
lik) 
by heart yoddan 
by land (sea, air) quruqlikdan (den-
gizdan, havodan) 
by (electric) light (elektr) yorug‘ida 
by all means nima qilib bo‘lsa ham 
by cheque chek bilan 
by credit cards kredit kartochkasi 
bilan 
by rail temir yo‘l orqali
by road yo‘l orqali
by underground metro orqali 
by no means aslo, hech, zinhor
6 metres by 8 metres oltiga sakkiz 
metr
by mistake bilmasdan, yanglishib
by retail (wholesale) chakana 
(ko‘tara) 
step by step qadam-baqadam 
by train (tram, bus, ship) poyezd 
(tramvay, avtobus, kema) bilan 
by the way (by the by) darvoqe, 
aytmoqchi, aytganday 
by means of vositasida, yordamida 
by the weight (the litre, the kilo-
gram) taroziga tortib (litrlab, ki-
lolab)
by then o‘shanda,
o‘shangacha
I’ll graduate from the 
university in two years. 
By then I hope to have 
found a job.
Men universitetni ikki 
yil dan keyin tugataman. 
O‘shangacha ish topa-
man deb umid qilaman.
By way of (via) or-
qali
We are driving to Atlanta 
by way of Baton Rouge.
Biz Atlantaga Baton Ruj 
orqali borayapmiz.
DOWN
1. pastga (harakat fe’llari bilan pastga yo‘nalishni bildiradi):
He went down the stairs. 
U zinadan pastga tushdi.
The steamer sailed down 
the river.
Paroxod daryodan pastga suzib 
ketdi.
He ran down the hill.
U qirdan chopib tushdi.
2. pastga, pastda (ravish bo‘lib keladi):
He looked down and saw him.
U pastga qaradi va uni ko‘rdi.
He will be down in a few minutes.
U bir necha daqiqadan keyin 
pastda bo‘ladi.
 

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213
3. pastga (harakat fe’llari bilan pastga harakatni bildiradi) Masa lan: come 
(go, get, walk) down pastga tushmoq, to run down yugurib tush moq, to 
jump down sakrab tushmoq, to throw down pastga otmoq.
The boy jumped down off the wall.
Bola devordan sakrab tushdi.
Let’s go down to the river. 
Keling daryoga tushamiz.
4. birikmalar:
to lie down yotmoq
He lay down under a 
tree.
U daraxt ostida yot di.
to sit down o‘tirmoq
Sit down, please.
O‘tiring, marhamat.
to write down yozib
qo‘ymoq
Write down my ad-
dress.
Mening manzilimni 
yozib qo‘ying.
5. iboralar:
up and down u yoqdan bu yoqqa 
to bring down the price narxni tu-
shirmoq
upside down ostin-ustun, ag‘-
dar-to‘ntar, ayqash- uyqash 
down to -gacha 
DURING
mobaynida, davomida, paytida, -da (davom etgan vaqtni ifoda laydi):
During the last three months he 
has made great progress in Ger-
man.
Oxirgi uch oy davomida u ne-
mis tilidan katta yutuqqa erish-
di.
During my stay in London I visited 
many museums.
Londonda bo‘lganimda men 
ko‘p muzeylarga bordim.
During the vacation we visited many 
relatives across the country.
Ta’til (davomi)da biz qish-
loqdagi ko‘p qarindoshlari-
miznikiga bordik.
During the summer we do not have 
to study.
Yozda (Yoz davomida) biz 
o‘qi sh ga 
borishga 
majbur 
emasmiz.

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214
EXCEPT
-dan tashqari:
Everybody is ready except you.
Sizdan tashqari hamma tayyor.
Tom goes there every day except 
Sunday.
Tom u yerga yakshanbadan tash-
qari har kun boradi.
Except bilan besidesni taqqoslash: 
O‘zbek tilidagi -dan tashqari iborasiga ingliz tilida except va besides 
predloglari to‘g‘ri keladi.
Except ishlatganimizda shu predlogdan keyin kelayotgan shaxs yoki 
buyumdan tashqari shu vaziyatda hech narsa mavjud emasligini tushu-
namiz, besides ishlatganimizda esa shu predlogdan keyin kelayot-
gan shaxs yoki buyumdan tashqari shu vaziyatda yana boshqa
shaxs yoki bu 
yumlar mavjudligini va besidesdan keyin kelayotgan
shaxs yoki buyum lar o‘sha bor bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyumlarga qo‘shimcha 
bo‘layot ganini tushunamiz:
U nemis tilidan tashqari birorta 
ham chet tilini bilmaydi.
He does not know any foreign lan-
guages except German.
U nemis tilidan tashqari ikkita 
chet tilini biladi.
He knows two foreign languages 
besides German.
FOR
1. uchun, -ga:
This letter is for you. 
Bu xat sizga (siz uchun).
It is a great pleasure (disappoint-
ment) for me.
Bu men uchun katta huzur (ko‘n-
gilsizlik)dir.
He will do all he can for you.
U siz uchun qo‘lidan kelgan 
hamma ishni qiladi.
A thermometer is used for measur-
ing temperature.
Termometr haroratni o‘lchash 
uchun ishlatiladi.
2. uchun, -ga (narx, to‘lov):
I bought this book for fi ve dollars.
Men bu kitobni besh dollarga 
sotib oldim.
They have not paid for the goods 
yet.
Ular hali mollar uchun haq to‘la-
ganlari yo‘q.
3. uchun, tarafdor (ish harakat kim uchun sodir etilayotgan bo‘lsa,
o‘sha shaxs yoki buyum oldida ishlatiladi, antonimi against):

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215
I am for your proposal.
Men sizning taklifi ngiz tarafdo-
riman.
Many people heroically fought for 
their country.
Ko‘p odamlar mamlakatlari uchun 
qahramonona kurashdilar.
4. uchun (sababni ifodalaydi):
He was rewarded for his bravery.
U jasurligi uchun mukofotlandi.
He was fi ned for crossing the 
street against the red light.
Qizil chiroqda ko‘chani kesib 
o‘tgani uchun unga jarima solindi.
5. uchun, -ga (maqsadni ifodalaydi):
I sent him for the doctor.
Men uni vrachga yubordim.
I’ll call for you. 
Men sizni olib ketgani kelaman.
6. davomida (ish-harakatning qancha davom etishini ifodalaydi). O‘z bek 
tilida tushib qolishi mumkin:
I shall stay here (for) two hours.
Men bu yerda ikki soat (davomi-
da) qolaman.
He worked at the factory 
(for) three years.
U zavodda uch yil (davomida) ish-
ladi.
7. -ga (ish-harakatning davom etish muddatini yoki belgilangan vaq tini 
ifodalaydi):
He went to the Caucasus 
for three weeks.
U Kavkazga uch haftaga bordi.
We made an appointment 
for 5 o’clock.
Biz soat beshga uchrashuv tayin-
ladik.
8. for predlogi for + ot (olmosh) + to + V qurilmasida kelib ish-
harakatning shu predlogdan keyin kelayotgan shaxs yoki buyumga tegishli 
ekanligini ifodalaydi:
It is necessary for them to