Table 1 The level of employment indicators in European countries 2010 2015 2020 EU-27 63.0 65.8 64.5 Germany
65.0 70.1 70.3
EU-8 60.2 64.5 61.5 Czech Republic 64.2 66.6 65.4
Estonia
63.0 69.8 63.5
Latvia
62.3 68.6 60.9
Lithuania
61.2 64.3 60.1
Hungary
56.8 56.7 55.4
Poland
51.7 59.2 59.3
Slovenia
65.3 68.6 67.5
Slovakia
57.0 62.3 60.2
Broader effects research is still a young field, with much of the published material appearing in the past
five years, and further research is greatly needed. The 150 studies reviewed here include a mix of
quantitative and qualitative approaches based on large-scale data sets, surveys, case studies and, in
some cases, historical analysis. The focus of this field is economics, but articles are also drawn from
other related fields (geography, urban studies, business and management, entrepreneurship, innovation
and housing studies). This review does not purport to be comprehensive: it is based on research
originally commissioned by the UK Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) and follows the broad
outline of this brief.
Analysis of the economic impact of migration has mainly focused on labor market or fiscal impacts.
These analyzes typically involve neoclassical settings in which migrants have a single role (workers or
consumers of public services), modeling is limited to one-time shocks and adjustment periods, and the
scope of impacts is narrowly defined. Such an approach ignores or trivializes several broader economic
impacts of migration, particularly those related to skilled migrants. To illustrate this point, we attempt
to compare labor supply and demand with dynamic growth settings.
Table 2 The level of unemployment indicators in European countries
