I – modul. Psixologiyaning predmeti 1 – mavzu: psixologiya fanining predmeti va rivojlanish tarixi reja

Geshtaltpsixologiya.
Amerikada strukturalizm va funksionalizmga qarshi bo’lganlar chegarasiz edi. Germaniyada bixeviorizmdan ozroq farq qiluvchi yangi geshtaltpsixologiya nomli maktab ochildi.⁹
The Word Gestalt is a German noun. The nearest English translation of Gestalt is “Configuration” or more simply “an organised whole” in contrast to a collection of parts. Therefore Gestalt psychology is opposed to the atomistic and molecular approach to behaviour. According to it, an individual perceives the thing as a whole and not as a mere collection of its constituents or elements. To a Gestalt psychologist, the meaning of sensation or perception is always related to the total situation. According to them, perception always involves a problem of organization. A thing is perceived as a relationship within a field which includes the thing, the viewer and a complex background incorporating the viewer’s purpose and previous experiences. Gestalists also rejected the mechanistic approach to behaviour as advocated by the behaviourist through a simple stimulus-response connection.
Bu maktabning eng mashxur namoyandalari: Vertgeymer (1890-1943), Koffka(1886-1941),Volfang Keler(1887-1967) va Kurt Levin (1990-1947). Geshtalt so’zi nemischa ot bolib. Geshtaltni inglischa tarjimasi “Konfuguratsiya” yoki oddiy kilib “uyishik butun”. Shuning uchun geshtalt-psixologiyasi atomistik va molekulyar yondashuvlarga karshi tura oladi. Bu bilan birgalikda inson murakkab bulaklarning kolleksiyasi yoki element kilib emas buyumni butun kabul kiladi. Geshtalt-psixolog , sezgilar yoki idrok ma’nosi har doim umumiy vaziyat bilan bog’lik. Narsa jinsdagi alokadek kabul kilinadi. U o’z ichiga narsa, tamoshabin va murakkab fonni ichiga oladi. Geshtalistlar bundan tashkari mexanik yondashuv yurishini rad qilishdi, oddiy stimul – reaksiya orqali qoriqlanuvchi tarzda. Ular shuni tastiklashtiki stimul bilan reaksiya o’rtasida o’zini rodidagitashkilotlar mavjud va ular yangi geshtalt shakillanishiga yordam beradi.Gestalistlarning ta’kidlashlaricha behosdan fikrda(ongda,tafakkurda) yangidan barpo bo’lgan narsalarning tuzilishlari eskilariga nisbatan yanada mukkamalroq va zarurroq holatda o’zicha kelishlari mumkinmi,natijada ular bir biridan umuman farq qilishlari ham mumkin.Natijada inson tafakkuri oddiy rag’batlantirilishining natijasigina emas,balki uning rivojlangan intelek onggining , tafakkurining xulosasiga aylanadi.
Individ-sharoitni yaxshilab o’rganib vaziyatga turlicha berilgan fikrlar bilan tanishib, haqiqatga yaqinroq bo’lgan yo’lni “qarorni” tanlaydi va uni amalga oshirish maqsadida kutilmagan,qat’iy qarorlarni qabul qiladi.
Gestalt-psixologiya RZM (sayt) - insonning xususiyatlarini rivojlanishini uch turga ajratadi:
a)sharoitni bor holatda qabul qilish;
b)sharoitni ko’rib, o’rganib ,uni kelib chiqish sabalarini aniqlash;
v)tezlik bilan qaror qabul qilish va shu asosida faoliyat olib borish.
Shunday qilib, Gestalt-psixologiya qat’iy ravishda sharoitni strukturalash(kesimlarga ajratish), funksiyalash (vazifalash) va qilinishdan iborat bo’lgan ilmiy psixologiyaga qarshi chiqdi.Jumladan, u bu tizimning tuzilishiga “g’isht va quyma”, o’zaro bog’lanishiga ularni kesimlarga “g’isht” ajralishiga qarshi chiqdi va ular to’g’risidagi tushunchalarni achinarli hol deb hisoblagan.¹⁰
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