I-bob the category analysis of the parts of speech in English and Uzbek languages

1.3 The comparative analysis of plural forms of noun in both languages.

Language is a social phenomenon. It renews, changes and grows along with society. Comparative study of language is a very interesting and crucial issue in linguistics. There are many similarities and differences between Uzbek and English language. On dome issues of this aspect, we would like to consider the example of the English and Uzbek.
The singular and plural categories belong to noun phrases of quality in English and Uzbek languages, the singular form of nouns is expressed without any suffixes or means. However, in Uzbek nouns are expressed without any suffixes; in English, vice versa,singular nouns come with indefinite articles. For example, in Uzbek , so'z - a word, uy - a house.
In Uzbek grammar, plural nouns are made with the help suffix " -lar ", .
For instance, in singular " uy " - in plural " uylar " or " gul - gullar " , " kitob - kitoblar ". More than two nouns cam be plural nouns. Making plural nouns with suffixes " - lar " is called a morphological way. In English language ,plurals are made with the suffixes " -s " or " -s ", we add them to the endings of countable nouns. For example, a book - books , a house - houses. When the nouns end with " -s " , " -ss ", " -ch ", " -sh " , " -x " have the suffixes " - es " added to make a plural. For example, a bus - buses , a dress - dresses, a watch - watches , a box - boxes, a dish - dishes, a torch - torches, a glass - glasses. There are two ways of creating plural of nouns that ends with the letter " o ". If the word, it takes only " s " as plurality suffixes : an auto - autos , a photo - photos, a kimono - kimonos, a radio - radios. If the word is a common English word that ends with " o " , " -is " added to create plural forms of this word. For example, a potato - potatoes, a hero - heroes, a mosquito - mosquitoes.
When nouns end with consonant " +y ", in plural " -y " changes " -i " and then " - es " is added. For example: a city - cities, a category - categories, a lady - ladies, a cherry - cherries. However. If the letter ends with a vowel "+y"
, There is no change, then suffixes " s " is added, as an example, we can see a toy - toys, a key - keys, a monkey - monkeys, a guy - guys. The plural of most nouns is based on this rules. Additionally, if the word ends f/fe , we drop " f and fe " to create the plural and add " -ves " instead. For example, a leaf - leaves, a knife - knives, a wolf - five wolves, life - lives. However, there are some nouns that end with f/fe but do not follow the rule above. They can be: roof - roofs, chief - chiefs, hand ker chief - hand ker chiefs, chef - chefs. In Uzbek, numerals are also used to express the plural. In this case the suffix " -lar " is dropped and numbers can be plurals.In English, on the other hand, although we use numerals, we must add the suffix " -s " , in the end of countable singular nouns:
one flower - two flowers bitta gul - ikkita gullar
one home - five homes bitta uy - beshta uylar
a pen - ten pens bitta ruchka - o'nta ruchkalar
one watch - four watches bitta soat - to'rtta soatlar
one apple - six apples bitta olma - oltita olmalar
one room - twenty rooms bitta xona - yigirmata xona
one counrty - fifty countries bitta davlat - 50 ta davlatlar
There are some other nouns which do not follow these rules. They are called irregular nouns, they have own unique way and form and so we need to use them in the same form as they do not take any " -s " and " -es " some of the irregular nouns stay the same and some of them can given the list of them in the following:
a man - three man series - series
a woman - women a sheep - six sheep
a child - five children a fish - nine fish
an ox - two oxen species - species
a tooth - thirty two teeth means - means
a foot - two feet cod - cod
a goose - four geese carp - carp
a louse - five lice
a mouse - thirty mice
an offspring - two offspring
a deer - ten deer
a person - 10 people
But there is an exception in creating the plural form of the word " fish " , if the fish is the same kind, although there are many fish, it stays as fish in plural form. For examole:
I bought an aquarium yesterday. It had three fish. If the word " fish " indicates the variety types of these animals, " fishes " can be used in plural form. For instance:
There are a lot of fishes in this ocean. The nouns which are borrowed from Latin language, they have own style to create plural forms. In the following lines there is a list of them.
datum - data nucleus - nuclei
memorandum - phenomena analysis - analyses
phenomenon - phenomena fungus - fungi
erratum - errata diagnosis - diagnoses
basis - bases termimes - termini
cactus - cacti radius - radii
crisis - crises antenna - antennae
formula - formulae index - index
oasis - oases criterion - criteria
bacterium - bacteria thesis - theses
There is also a noun percent that do not take ( -s / -es ) in the plural. Adding - s to words in the list above is a mistake , memorizing is a good idea of this list of word that they are only a few. When we make the plural forms of names of nation, they differ from each other. The names of countries like Chine, Japan take " -ese " to show the nations and they get definite article " the " as the plural form. For example:
a Chinese - the Chinese
a Japanese - the Japanese
The names of nations like Uzbek, Russian, Korean, Tajik take " -s " in plural form.
an Uzbek man - Uzbek
a Korea woman - Koreans.
In Uzbek language, we only add the suffix " -lar " at the end of words which indicate nations. For example:
o'zbek - o'zbeklar
ingliz - inglizlar
italyan - italyanlar
In Uzbek , suffix -lar besides forming plurality

also means respect. For example, " Daddy came ". - " Dadam keldi ". In English, however, this is not the case.

It is known that in Arabic the plural is formed as a result of internal inflection. For example, secrets ( sir - asror ), news ( xabar - axborot ) and so on. Such words are widely used in Uzbek, but this phenomenon is not suitable for pure Uzbek words. In English, although some nouns are in the plural, they represent the singular. For example, chess, news, measles, methods and so on.
In the Uzbek language, although it comes in the plural, there are almost no words denoting unity, only in a few foreign words: xabar - axborot ( information ) and so on.
In English, more plural adjectives are added to express the meaning of the plural in the words given above. In the Uzbek language, such a phenomenon can be observed in compound nouns, that is, words such as people, nation, although essentially plural, are expressed in unity. When they are added to a plural suffix, they donate the plural and donate related objects or events. For example, nations, armies and etc.
The plural form of compound nouns in English and Uzbek languages.
Compound nouns are formed through adding two nouns directly or with the help of prepositions. For example: passer- by , snowman, mother-in-law. In Uzbek language, there are not prepositions so, to make compound nouns, like qo'lqop, qorbobo. Some compound nouns are written with defies and others are written in a separate way from each other. For example: bedroom, letter box, tea break, girlfriend, ota - ona, gugurt quti. In Uzbek language compound nouns are made not only with joining nouns, but also other types of word classes, for instance: beshiktebratar, sakkizoyoq, iztopar, kungaboqar, qizilqum, oqqush
Some of the nouns above are considered one word in English language: oqqush - a swan ; sakkizoyoq - an octopus
When the compound nouns are written in a separate way the plural suffixes " -es/-s " are added to the second noun the suffix of plurality.
For example:
a bus driver - 3 bus drivers
a tooth brush - ten tooth brushes
a sunflower - five sunflowers
a paper bag - seven paper bags
There is an exception to the rule above. If one of nouns of compound noun is these compound nouns plural forms can both parts take the plurality equally. For example:
a man servant - two men servants
a woman doctor - five women doctors
If this kind of situation happens in Uzbek language, only second part of these compound nouns can take the suffixes " -es/-s "
For example:
bitta erkak haydovchi - o'nta erkak haydovchilar
bitta ayol xizmatkor - uchta ayol xizmatchilar
If the compound noun comes with prepositions, the plural form is added before preposition. For example:
a passer-by - yo'lovchi three passer-by - uchta yo'lovchilar
We can only add " -s/es " to the endings of nouns which are abbreviated.
For example: VIPs, MPs, OAPs (old age pensioners ). In the compound noun Archimedes' rule, the suffix " s " was stayed and it is not regarded as a suffix plurality. Though proper nouns take -s or -es, they are still used with singular verbs. For example: The United Nations is situated in New York. Philippines consists of many island. The measurements of money, time, weight and length can take -s / -es but they are used with singular verb. For example:
Four hour is spent on my homework, but , before the measurements we can use " there are ". There are 2 more hours till the beginning of the concert.
Though all types of illness take " -s / -es ", they are used with singular verb. For example:
Measles is watched more among children. But in Uzbek language the names of language do not take the suffix " -lar ". All types of sports can use with s / es but they get singular verb. For example:
Billiards is an interesting play.
Most uncountable nouns are singular but a few are plural. These include: scissors, shorts, pants, jeans, trousers, pyjamas,glasses, spectacles, tights, twee zers. All of the above are consisted of two or more parts.
- These scissors are very sharp.
- Sunglasses are often worn in the summer.
Cereals, tea, water, salt, ... are uncountable nouns and they cam not get -s or -es, but when they can come as three boxes of tea,
two bottles of water
two bags of flour
five bars of chocolate.
In Uzbek language, we do not use " -lar " with them also, for example, in English we need three bags of flour .
In Uzbek : Bizga uch qop un kerak.
As we observed above there are some similarities and varieties of plural forms of nouns in Uzbek and English languages.