Epigrams
An epigram is a stylistic device
akin to a proverb, the only difference
being that epigrams are coined by individuals whose names we know, while
proverbs are the coinage of the people. In other words, we are always aware of the
parentage of an epigram and therefore, when using one, we usually make a
reference to its author.
Epigrams are terse, witty, pointed statements, showing the
ingenious turn
of mind of the originator. They always have a literary-bookish air about them that
distinguishes them from proverbs. Epigrams possess a great degree of
independence and therefore, if
taken out of the context, will retain the wholeness
of the idea they express. They have a generalizing function and are self-sufficient.
The most characteristic feature of an epigram is that the sentence gets accepted as
a word-combination and often becomes part of the language as a whole. Like
proverbs, epigrams can be expanded to apply to abstract notions (thus embodying
different spheres of application). Brevity is the essential quality of the epigram. A.
Chekhov once said that brevity is the sister of talent; 'Brevity is the soul of the
wit' holds true of any epigram.
Epigrams are often confused with aphorisms and paradoxes. It is difficult
to draw a demarcation line between them, the distinction being very subtle. Real
epigrams are true to fact and that is why they win general recognition and
acceptance.
Let us turn to examples. Somerset Maugham in "The Razor's Edge" says:
"Art is triumphant when it can use convention as an instrument of its
own;;purpose."
This statement is interesting from more than one point of view. It shows
the ingenious turn of mind of
the writer, it gives an indirect definition of art as
Maugham understands it, it is complete in itself even if taken out of the context.
But still this sentence is not a model epigram because it lacks one essential
quality, viz. brevity. It is too long and therefore cannot function in speech as a
ready-made language unit. Besides, it lacks other features which are inherent in
epigrams and make them similar to proverbs, i.e. rhythm, alliteration and often
rhyme. It cannot be expanded to other
spheres of life, it does Hot generalize.
Compare this sentence with the following used by the same author in the
same novel.
"A God that can be understood is no God."
This sentence seems to meet all the necessary requirements of the
epigram: it is brief, generalizing, witty and can be expanded in its application.
Quotations
Next to the originator of a good sentence is the first quoter of it. Emerson
A quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech
and the like used by way of authority, illustration, proof
or as a basis for further
speculation on the matter in hand.
By repeating a passage in a new environment, we attach to the utterance
an importance it might not have had in the context whence it was taken.
Moreover, we give it the status, temporary though it may be,
of a stable language
unit. What is quoted must be worth quoting, since a quotation will inevitably
acquire some degree of generalization. If repeated frequently, it may be
recognized as an epigram, if, of course, it has at least some
of the linguistic
properties of the latter.
Quotations are usually marked off in the text by inverted commas (" "),
dashes (—), italics or other graphical means.
They are mostly used accompanied by a reference to the author of the
quotation, unless he is well known to the reader or audience. The reference is
made either in the text or in a foot-note and assumes various forms, as, for
instance:
"as (so and so) has it"; "(So and so) once said that"...; "Here we quote (so
and so)" or in the manner the reference to Emerson has been made in the epigraph
to this chapter.
A quotation is the exact reproduction of an actual utterance
made by a
certain author. The work containing the utterance quoted must have been
published or at least spoken in public; for quotations are echoes of somebody
else's words.
Quotations are also used in epigraphs. The quotation in this case possesses
great associative power and calls forth much connotative meaning,