Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
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TEST 10 – The Bridge that swayed 
When the London Millennium footbridge was opened in June 2000, it swayed alarmingly. This 
generated huge public interest and the bridge became known as London’s “wobbly bridge. ” The 
Millennium Bridge is the first new bridge across the river Thames in London since Tower Bridge opened in 
1894, and it is the first ever designed for pedestrians only. The bridge links the City of London near St 
Paul’s Cathedral with the Tate Modern art gallery on Bankside. 
The bridge opened initially on Saturday 10th June 2000. For the opening ceremony, a crowd of over 
1,000 people had assembled on the south half of the bridge with a band in front. When they started to walk 
across with the band playing, there was immediately an unexpectedly pronounced lateral movement of the 
bridge deck. “It was a fine day and the bridge was on the route of a major charity walk,” one of the 
pedestrians recounted what ho saw that day.
“At first, it was still. Then if began to sway sideways, just slightly. Then, almost from one moment to 
the next, when large groups of people were crossing, the wobble intensified. Everyone had to stop walking 
to retain balance and sometimes to hold onto the hand rails for support.” Immediately it was decided to limit 
the number of people on the bridge, and the bridge was dubbed the ‘wobbly’ bridge by the media who 
declared it another high-profile British Millennium Project failure. In older to fully investigate and resolve 
the issue the decision was taken to close the bridge on 12th June 2000. 
Arup, the leading member of the committee in charge of the construction of the bridge, decided to 
tackle the issue head on. They immediately undertook a fast-track research project to seek the cause and the 
cure. The embarrassed engineers found the videotape that day which showed the center span swaying 
about 3 inches sideways every second and the south span 2 inches every 1.25 seconds. Because there was a 
significant wind blowing on the opening days (force 3-4) and the bridge had been decorated with large flags, 
the engineers first thought that winds might be exerting excessive force on the many large flags and banners, 
but it was rapidly concluded that wind buffeting had not contributed significantly to vibration of the bridge. 
But after measurements were made in university laboratories of the effects of people? walking on swaying 
platforms and after large-scale experiments with crowds of pedestrians were conducted on the bridge itself, a 
new understanding and a new theory were developed. 
The unexpected motion was the result of a natural human reaction to small lateral movements. It is 
well known that a suspension bridge has tendency to sway when troops march over it in lockstep, which is 
why troops are required to break step when crossing such a bridge. “If we walk on a swaying surface we 
tend to compensate and stabilise ourselves by spreading our legs further apart but this increases the lateral 
push”. Pat Dallard, the engineer at Arup, says that you change the way you walk to match what the bridge is 
doing. It is an unconscious tendency for pedestrians to match their footsteps to the sway, thereby 
exacerbating it even more. “It’s rather like walking on a rolling ship deck you move one way and then the 
other to compensate for the roll.” The way people walk doesn’t have to match exactly the natural frequency 
of the bridge as in resonance the interaction is more subtle. As the bridge moves, people adjust the way they 
walk in their own manner. The problem is that when there are enough people on the bridge the total 
sideways push can overcome the bridge’s ability to absorb it. The movement becomes excessive and 
continues to increase until people begin to have difficulty in walking they may even have to hold on to the 
rails.
Professor Fujino Yozo of Tokyo University, who studied the earth-resistant Toda Bridge in Japan, 
believes the horizontal forces caused by walking, running or jumping could also in turn cause excessive 
dynamic vibration in the lateral direction in the bridge. He explains that as the structure began moving, 
pedestrians adjusted their gait to the same lateral rhythm as the bridge; the adjusted footsteps magnified the 
motion just like when four people all stand up in small boat at the same time. As more pedestrians locked 
into the same rhythm, the increasing oscillation led to the dramatic swaying captured on film until people 
stopped walking altogether, because they could not even keep upright. 

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