resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer
groups are of this kind, such as the
Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are
generally
kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are
no marked
economic differences or disparities in status among their members.
Because clans are composed of mobile
groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites
consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and
more
specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where
large mammals are killed
and sometimes butchered— and work sites, where
tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The
base camp of such a
group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary
shelters, along
with the debris of residential occupation.
Tribe. These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely
number more than a
few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based
largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals.
Typically, they are
settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile
economy based
on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally
multi-community societies, with the
individual communities integrated into
the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have
officials and
even a "capital" or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base
necessary for
effective use of.
The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural
