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G. 
Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites undercontrol. But with 
any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, Escovopsis will quickly burst forth. Although new leaf-
cutter gardens start off free of Escovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected. The 
discovery of Escovopsis’s role brings a new level of understanding to the evolution of the attine ants. “In the 
last decade, evolutionary biologists have been increasingly aware of the role of parasites as driving forces in 

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evolution,”Dr. Schultz said. There is now a possible reason to explain why the lower attine species keep 
changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens, and occasionally domesticating new ones—to 
stay one step ahead of the relentless Escovopsis. 
 
H. 
Interestingly, Mr. Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their 
gardens than the lower attines, yet they had more Escovopsis infections. It seems that the price they pay for 
cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from Escovopsis. But the leaf-cutters may have little 
alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those grown by the lower attines, 
produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat. 
 
I. 
Discovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attine ants, 
especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper undercontrol. Amazingly enough, Mr. Currie has 
again provided the answer. “People have known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth onthe 
cuticle,”said Dr. Mueller, referring to the insects’body surface. “People wouldsay this is like a cuticular wax. 
But Cameron was the first one in a hundred years to put these things under a microscope. He saw it was not 
inertwax. It is alive.”Mr. Currie discovered a specialized patch on the ants’cuticle that harbors a particular 
kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceutical industry, because it is the source of half the 
antibiotics used in medicine. From each of 22 species of attine ant studied, Mr. Cameron and colleagues 
isolated a species of Streptomyces bacterium, they reported in Nature in April. The Streptomyces does not 
have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses. But it is a potent poisoner of Escovopsis, inhibiting its 
growth and suppressing spore formation. It also stimulates growth of the ants’mushroom fungus. The 
bacterium is carried by virgin queens when they leave to establish new nests, but is not found on male ants, 
playboys who take no responsibility in nest-making or gardening.