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QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS
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TEST 9 – Leaf-Cutting Ants and Fungus
A.
The ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but the recent research
has uncovered intriguing new findings about the fungus they cultivate, how they domesticated it and how
they cultivate it and preserve it from pathogens. For example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought
to keep free of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants’
nests. To keep the mold in check, the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any
pharmaceutical laboratory.
B.
Leaf-cutting ants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best known
example of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. The ants’ achievement is remarkable the
biologist Edward O. Wilson has called it “one of the major breakthroughs in animal evolution” because it
allows them to eat, courtesy of their mushroom’s digestive powers, the otherwise poisoned harvest of
tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids, alkaloids and other chemicals designed to sicken
browsers.
C.
Fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardening ants
belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer. There are more than 200 known species
of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12 groups, or genera. The leaf-cutters use fresh vegetation; the other
groups, known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques more primitive, feed
their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces.
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