Intonation let’s consider the following example first



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7 English Intonaton )

Suprasegmental phonology

  • Stress : applied to units larger than phonemes (-> segmental phonology), i.e. syllables
  • Intonation : pitch of voice plays an important part; it is constantly changing during speech; analysing intonation refers to listening to the speaker´s pitch and recognising what it is doing

Pitch

  • Defined in terms of high and low (arbitrary choices for end-points of the pitch scale)
  • Auditory sensation experienced by the hearer
  • We are not interested in all aspects of a speaker´s pitch, but in those that carry some linguistic information
  • Speakers have control over their own pitch of voice, and the possibility of choice (this may have linguistic significance)

Necessary conditions for pitch differences to be linguistically relevant

  • Being under speaker´s control
  • Pitch differences must be perceptible (great enough to be heard by a listener as differences in pitch)
  • Significance in linguistics lies in contrasts (a set of items a unit contrasts with)

Form and function of intonation

  • In the shortest piece of speech – single syllable
  • A continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a pause – utterance
  • One syllable utterances like “yes” and “no”
  • Even in one syllable words we can either remain at a constant pitch level or change it

Important definitions (Crombie, 1987)

  • Intonation: variation in pitch
  • Tonality: "dividing the flow of speech into tone groups or tone units"
  • Tonicity:"locating the syllables on which major movements of pitch occur "
  • Tone: "identifying the direction of pitch movements "

Tone


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