Introduction. Grammar as a branch of linguistics Methods of grammatical analysis

Morphology
studies forms of words and
principles of their changing
Syntax
studies principles of phrase and
sentence construction
GRAMMAR
Grammatical category. Grammatical meaning. Grammatical form
A grammatical category is a unit of grammar based on a morphological opposition of grammatical meanings presented in grammatical forms.
The 2 main types of meaning that are readily observed are the grammatical and the lexical meanings to be found in words and word-forms.
Grammatical meanings are very abstract and general
Grammatical forms can be morphemes, synthetic forms, and grammatical word combinations.
Synthetic forms – unity of both lexical and grammatical meanings in one word.
In analytical forms there two or more words in which at least one element is an auxiliary.
The grammatical category of gender is practically lost in English e.g.
“waiter vs. waitress”
That distinction is not universal enough to build up a grammatical category
book and books
-s is a form-building morpheme that builds a grammatical form

Types of Grammatical Forms

Analytical forms

• a unity of a notional word and an auxiliary word

Suppletive forms (A.I. Smirnitsky)

• fully coincide in their lexical meaning
• have no synonymous non-suppletive forms
• other words of the same category have non-suppletive forms to express the same grammatical meaning

Types of word-form derivation:
(a) those limited to changes in the body of the word, without having recourse to auxiliary words (synthetic types);
(b) those implying the use of auxiliary words (analytical types). These consist in using a word (devoid of any lexical meaning of its own) to express some grammatical category of another word.
e.g. has visited / is invited / does not invite