Introduction. Grammar as a branch of linguistics Methods of grammatical analysis

Types of grammatical Forms

Synthetic forms:

• Affixation
• prefixation
• infixation
• suffixation

2. Sound interchange

Grammatical Form. Characteristics (A.I. Smirnitsky)

• Never characterizes word as a whole
• One form can render meanings of different grammatical categories
• One form cannot combine two meanings of the same grammatical category
• Cannot be isolated, always a part of a grammatical category

Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear connection between language units in a segmental sequence.
The main quality of paradigmatic relations is iheir in tea-systematic character.
They presuppose the connection within the categories of grammar. From above mentioned it is possible to give the definition of a grammatical category as a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms.
Paradigmatic relation is concerned with the way words are grouped together into categories, like nouns, verbs, adjectives etc. Words in the same group, or word class, can be exchanged for each other in a sentence: 'The dog/cat/chimpanzee bit me 

The methods used for this purpose:

• Formal method – the structure of words, word-groups, superphrasal unities and texts:

It lived here – If he lived here I would know about it.

Grammatical polysemy – two or more units of the plane of content (meaning) correspond to one unit of the plane of expression (form). One form has several meanings, which are similar in some respect.

Semantic method – grammatical meaning of words, word-groups and sentences, etc.

• It lived here – If he lived here I would know about it.
• ‘Lived’ has two homonymous forms< each having its own meaning, which is no way similar to the other:
• Past Indefinite Indicative vs Subjunctive II.

Functional method describes various functions of grammatical forms in speech.

• From form to function – describes various functions, which may be acquired by the grammatical form in speech depending on the context of situation:
• The dog jumped (a momentary action).
• The old man came every evening (a repeated action).
• We stayed in the hotel for a fortnight (duration).
• I wish you knew him (unreal action).