Introduction The course paper is dedicated to the study of the syntax and semantic features of phrasal verbs in the English language

appearto make other people think that you are something or feel something. Appear is a slightly more formal word than seem
beused for giving information about someone or something, by giving their name, job, position etc, describing them, or sayingwhere they are
be-used for saying how someone behaves, or for telling them how to behave
becometo change and start to be something different, or to start to have a different quality
become to begin to have a particular job or position of authority, or to begin to be a member of a group
become-to begin to be used for a different purpose
come over-to react in a particular way
feel- to be in a particular state as a result of an emotion or a physical feeling
feel-if something feels nice, good, strange etc, it gives you this feeling
feel-if something feels soft, hard etc, that is what it is like when you touch it
form- to be something, or to be the parts that something consists of
get- to start to be in a particular state or have a particular quality
get-to become: used with past participles to form passives
get-to put on or take off clothing
go-to change to another condition, usually a worse one
goto be in a particular state or situation, especially one in which you do not have something or in which something is not done
grow used for saying that someone or something gradually starts to have a feeling or quality
look-to have a particular appearance
look-to seem to be something
look used for giving your opinion about how likely it is that something will happen or be true
make-to have the right qualities for a particular job, purpose etc
measure-to be a particular size
proveif something proves to have a particular quality, things happen that show it has that quality
remain-to continue to be in a particular situation or condition
remain- to continue to be something, even after a long period of time
remain- to have a particular attitude, opinion, or belief and not change it
render- to make someone or something be or become something
represent- if something represents another thing, it is that thing
seem-to appear to be something, or to appear to have a particular quality
smell-to have a particular smell
soundto seem good, bad, interesting, exciting etc according to what you have heard, read, or know
tasteto have a particular flavour. Food can taste sweet like sugar, salty like sal t, sour like a lemon, or bitter like strong black coffee
turn-to change and do or become something else
turn-to change and become another colour
turn-to become a particular age or a particular time
weigh-to have a particular weight
it seems-used for saying that something appears to exist or be true
it seems/looks/appears-used for saying what seems to be true

1.2. Auxilary verbs

An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears-for example, to express tense², aspect, modality, voice, emphases and etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb. The main verb provides the main semantic content of the clause. An example is the verb have in the sentence I have finished my dinner. Here, the main verb is finish, and the auxiliary have helps to express the Perfect aspect.
A list of verbs that (can) function as auxiliaries in English are as follows:
Be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), can, could, dare, do (does, did), have (has, had, having), may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, would.
The verb “Be”
The verb be can be used an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is irregular verb:
^{simple verb} I am, he, she, it-is, we, you, they-are.
^{simple past} I, he, she, it-was, we, you, they-were
^{past participle} been
They are playing football.
He is playing football.
He was playing football.
He had been playing football.
The verb “have”
The verb have can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice.
He has played football.
He had played football.
He has been playing football.
He had been playing football.
The verb “will” and “shall”
The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.
He will not play football.
He will have played football.
The verb “do”
The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past.
He does not play football.
He did not play football.
1.3. Notional verbs
Notional verbs (Main verbs) are those which have full lexical meaning of their own: buy, eat, do, give, go, live, love, make, permit, push, see, study, take, try, understand, write. Main verbs express an action (give, study, take) or a state (love, see, exist). Main verbs can be characterized from different sides: transitive or intransitive, action or state verbs, regular or irregular verbs. Phrasal verbs are verbs that form an idiomatic phrase with a postposition (give up, turn off, write down).
From the point of view of their meaning verbs fall under two groups: notional and functional.
Notional verbs have full lexical meaning of their own. The majority of verbs fall under this group.
Function verbs differ from notional ones of lacking lexical meaning of their own. They cannot be used independently in the sentence; they are used to furnish certain parts of sentence (very often they are used with predicates).
Modal verbs are small group of verbs which usually express the modal meaning, the speaker’s attitude to the action, expressed by the notional verb in the sentence. They lack some grammatical forms like infinitive form, grammatical categories and so on. Thus, they do not have all the categories of verbs. They may express mood and tense since they function as parts of predicates. They lack the non-finite forms.
Besides in present-day English there is another group of verbs which are called auxiliaries. They are used to form analytical forms of verbs. Verbs: to be, to do, to have and so on may be included to this group.
Regular and Irregular Verbs
From the point of view of the formation of the Past Tense verbs are classified into two groups:
1) Regular verbs which form their basic forms by means of productive suffixes-(e)d. The
majority of verbs refer to this class.
2)Irregular verbs form their basic forms by such non-productive means as:
a) variation ofsounds in the root:
should -would –initial consonant change
begin -began -begun –vowel change of the root
catch -caught-caught-root-vowel and final consonant change
spend -spent-spent-final consonant change;
b)suppletion:
be–was/were
go –went
c)unchanged forms:
cast-cast-cast
put-put–put
By suppletion we understand the forms of words derived from different roots.
A. Smirnitsky gives the following conditions to recognize suppletive forms of words;
1. when the meaning of words are identical in their lexical meaning.
2. when they mutually complement one another, having no parallel opposemes.
3. when other words of the same class build up a given opposemes without suppletivity, i.e. Thus, we recognize the words be - am, bad - worse as suppletive because they express the same grammatical meanings as the forms of words: light – lighter, big – bigger, work– worked.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Verbs can also be classified from the point of view of their ability of taking objects. In accord with this we distinguish two types of verbs: transitive and intransitive. The former type of verbs are divided into two:
a) verbs which are combined with direct object: to have a book to find the address
b) verbs which take prepositional objects: to wait for, to look at, talk about, depend on…
To the latter type the following verbs are referred:
a)verbs expressing state: be, exist, live, sleep, die…
b)verbs of motion: go, come, run, arrive, travel…
c) verbs expressing the position in space: lie, sit, stand ...
As has been told above in actual research work or in describing linguistic phenomena we do not always find hard-and-fast lines separating one phenomenon from the other. In many cases we come across an intermediate stratum. We find such stratum between transitive and intransitive verbs which is called causative verbs, verbs intransitive in their origin, but sometimes used as transitive: to fly akite, to sailaship, to nod a pproval ...
The same is found in the construction "cognate object": to live along life, to die the death of a hero ...