The nucleus contains A nucleons - Yadro tarkibida A nuklonlari mavjud : A = Z protons + N neutrons
Nucleons are hadron particles (particles governed by the strong interaction)
Nucleons are baryons (made of 3 quarks)-Nuklonlar adron zarralari (kuchli o'zaro ta'sir bilan boshqariladigan zarralar) Nuklonlar barionlar (3 kvarkdan iborat)
protons (uud) are positive charged particles 2000 times heavier
than electrons. Mpc2 = 938.272 MeV Mec2 = 0.511 MeV
neutrons (udd) are electric neutral particles with mass
comparable to the proton one. Mnc2 = 939.565 MeV
neutron
electron
proton
neutron
Nucleons are fermions, as well as electrons. Nuklonlar fermionlar, shuningdek elektronlardir.
proton
proton
?
A nucleus is characterized by its mass number A and its atomic number Z.
It is written AZX. Yadro massa soni A va atom raqami Z bilan tavsiflanadi. Bu AZX deb yoziladi.
The nucleus is a bound system : its mass is lower than the mass of its components.
There is a « missing mass » connected to the binding energy by the famous Einstein formula : Yadro bog'langan tizimdir: uning massasi uning tarkibiy qismlarining massasidan kamroqdir. Mashhur Eynshteyn formulasi bilan bog'lanish energiyasi dagi massa «massa deffekti» bilan aniqlaniladi.
Nuclear interaction-
Yadro o'zaro ta'siri
?
?
Nuclear interaction
Yadro o'zaro ta'siri
What is the nucleus of the atom ?-Atomning yadrosi nima?
The nucleus contains A nucleons : A = Z protons + N neutrons
ATOM
NUCLEUS
NUCLEON
(10-9 m)
(10-14 m)
(10-15 m)
A nucleus is almost 100000 times smaller than an atom- Yadro deyarli 100 000 marta atomdan kichikroq
Do all the nuclei have the same radius ?
Barcha yadrolar bir xil radiusga egami?
features of the nucleus : the scale of a nucleus
yadroning xususiyatlari: yadro masshtabi
R = 1.25 x A1/3 (fm)
The radius increases with A1/3 Radius A1/3 nisbat bilan ortadi
The volume increases with the number of particles Hajmi zarrachalar soni bilan ortadi
Radii are extracted from elastic
scattering of particles on different targets.
Radiuslar zarrachalarning turli nishonlarga elastik sochilishidan olinadi.
R(fm)
1fm = 10-15 m
features of the nucleus : radius
Yadroning xususiyatlari: radius
Ground–state nuclear deformation predicted with the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach with the Gogny force
Gogni kuchi bilan Xartri Fok-Bogoliubov yondashuvi orqali taxmin qilingan asosiy yadroviy deformatsiya
Nuclei are predicted to be either: Yadrolar quyidagilardan biri bo'lishi taxmin qilinadi: spherical- sharsimon prolate-yassi or oblate-tekis
features of the nucleus : shape Yadroning xususiyatlari: shakli
www-phynu.cea.fr
features of the nucleus : shape, density
Yadroning xususiyatlari: shakli, zichligi
208Pb
features of the nucleus: binding energy yadroning xususiyatlari: bog'lanish energiyasi
A nucleus is a bound system-Yadro bog'langan tizimdir
i.e. its mass is lower than the mass of its components.
(if not the nucleus would release its excess of energy by spontaneously evolving to a state of lower energy composed of free particles)
The nucleon-nucleon interaction is still unknown nowadays !!!
Phenomenological parameterization of the interaction ;
THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM NOWADAYS
Nuklon va nuklonlarning o'zaro ta'siri hozirgacha noma'lum !!! O'zaro ta'sirning fenomenologik parametrlanishi; BU HOZIRGI ZAMANDA ENG MUHIM MUAMMOLARDAN BIRI