BING4316/MODUL 1
1.3
3. Lexeme
The lexeme is the word which the phonological unit is a realization of the
form – e.g. the past participle of the lexeme which is called grammatical
word. For example the word: “go” and “went” are different word forms
which realize a single lexeme, “GO”. Another example: cook and cooks
are different word-forms which belong to the same lexeme. About the
morphs and lexemes will be discussed in unit 2.
4. Morphemes
Morphemes are segments of the grammatical word which represent choices
from a set of options forming a grammatical category. As an example let us
see the article “a” and “an”. We see that both “a” and “an” (and the other
sets) are ‘the same thing’. Then we will say that these various sets of
morphs realise the same morpheme.
5. Syntax
Syntax which is a branch of linguistics is dealing with the internal structure
of sentences and the interrelationships among the internal parts. It focuses
on grammar that explains the way in which words are arranged to show
relationships of meaning within (and sometimes between) sentences and
how words put together.
6. Semantics
A branch of linguistics that studies the nature of the meaning of individual
words, and the meaning of words, and the meaning of words grouped into
phrases and sentences.
7. Phonology
A branch of linguistics that studies the structure and systematic patterning
of sounds in human language.
8. Sentences
A sentence is the largest unit to which syntactic rules apply; an
independent linguistic form, not included by virtue of any grammatical
construction in any larger linguistic form. However there are some
exceptions such as example below:
1.4
English Morpho - Syntax
Ellipses: ‘What are you reading?’ ‘Short story’
Interjections: ‘No’, ‘Honey!’ ‘Least said, soonest mended’
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