Language Universals

Topic . Comparative universals DONE BY;’ MAMASHARIPOVA ZIYODA
Language Universals -are bound to theunification of language facts, identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate language groups.
Phonetic features:- all languages have vowels and consonants.
Morphological:i-n most languages, words are structured into morphemes, morphemes function as full and auxiliary elements.
Lexical:-in all languages vocabulary is a system of semantic fields. In all languages, there is polysemy, synonymy, antonymy.
Syntactic: -in all languages, there is a distribution of a subject-verb- object.
Full universals:-"If a language has discreet morphemes, there are either pre-fixation or suffixation or both of them". "If a language is exclusively suffixational, it is a language with post-fixes. If a language is exclusively prefixational, it is a language with prefixes".
Internal -approach to language description deals with the cross system of any concrete language.
External -approach to language description deals with the cross language description.
Panchronically -means thecomparison of language systems though they are living or dead.
Synchronically -means thecomparison of language systems concerning modern period.
Diachronically -means thecomparison of language system from ahistorical viewpoint
Semantic universals,- such as "male" or "female," "animate" or "human," found in every language in the world.
"Primitive" languages - all languages are equally complex and equally capable of expressing any idea in the world.
A linguistic universal is- a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.
Phonetics (the study of speech production and perception) –
Phonology (how sounds or gestures function together in differentiating words)
- Morphology (the formation and composition of words)
Absolute universals are statements which hold true for all languages at any time. ...
Non-implicational universals are for example the
absolute universals which were discussed in the previous chapter.