Lecture , 8, Lecture Intonation in English Outline Intonation: definition, approaches, functions

A language is the entity made up of a group of related dialects and their associated accents.
There are of course a number of detailed differences of usage between different national groups. British and American versions of Standard English, for example in fact are treated as different dialects.
The differences in forms of Standard English (American, Australian, British, Canadian etc.) are nevertheless small as compared to the differences between these and other dialects of English.
Since Standard English is by definition a dialect, unlike other dialects only in its unusually wide geographical scope, it follows that Standard English can be spoken with a variety of accents.
A given speaker may be able to speak with two or more accents, with one accent. Furthermore, a given speaker may well be able to use more than one dialect. A speaker native to Scotland will normally speak either the Standard English dialect with a regional Scottish accent, or a Scottish dialect of English with either the same or a broader Scottish accent

YI. Lingua Francos, Pidgins and Creoles

Foreign languages are most often used for communication with speakers for whom the language concerned is their native language. A spe­cial case is where the language used is the native language of neither the speaker nor the listener, but where it may be the only medium of linguistic communication in common between the two. Where this practice is widespread in a given area, the status of the foreign language as an instrument of general communication is recognized by call­ing it a lingua franca.

The orginal 'lingua franca' (literally 'language of the Franks', the Arabic term of the day for all Europeans) came into being in the Eastern Mediterranean at the time of the Crusades about nine centuries ago, and evolved as a composite of Italian, Provencal, French, Spanish and Portuguese (Holm 1989: 607). Lingua francas in use today n) notably include English and Mandarin Chinese. Other large-scale lingua francas are Malay in Malaysia and Indonesia, Swahili in East Africa, Hausa in West Africa, Arabic from West Africa to Afghanistan, Afrikaans in Southern Africa and Spanish in South and Central America.
A lingua franca , is often a single homogeneous language. A