Interjectional (восклицательные). E.g. my God! good Heavens! Goodness Gracious!
Classification system offered by Professor A.I. Smirnitsky
Professor Smirnitsky offered a classification system for English phraseological units which is interesting as an attempt to combine the structural and the semantic principles. Phraseological units in this classification system are grouped according to the number and semantic significance of their constituent parts. Accordingly two large groups are established:
One-summit units (одновершинные фразеологические единства), which have one meaningful constituent (e.g. to give up, to make out (разбирать), to be tired, to be surprised). It should be pointed out that most Russian scholars do not regard these as phraseological units; so this is a controversial point.
Two-summit and multi-summit units (двухвершинные и многовершинные фразеологические единства) which have two or more meaningful constituents. Е.g. black art (чёрная магия), first night (премьера), common sense (здравый смысл), to fish in troubled waters (ловить рыбу в мутной воде).
Within each of these large groups the phraseological units are classified according to the category of parts of speech of the summit constituent.
Professor Smirnitsky also distinguishes proper phraseological units (собственно фраз. единства) which, in his classification system, are units with non-figurative meanings, and idioms, that is, units with transferred meanings based on a metaphor.
Professor Koonin, the leading Russian authority on English phraseology, pointed out certain inconsistencies in this classification system.
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