(a) Leadership : A manager has to issue orders and instructions to his subordinates. He has to guide his
subordinates in their work in order to improve their performance and achieve enterprise objectives.
It is the process by which an executive imaginatively directs and influences the work of others in
choosing and attaining specified goals by mediating between the individual and organisation. In
such a manner that both will get satisfaction at maximum. It is the ability to build up confidence and
zeal among working groups and to create an urge in them, to be led.
In order to be a successful leader, a manager must possess the qualities of foresight ,
drive, initiative, self –confidence and personal integrity. Different situations demand different type
of leadership, such as autocratic leadership, democratic leadership and free rein leadership.
(b) Communication : Communication means sharing of ideas in common. The essence of communication is
getting the receiver and the sender tuned together for a particular message. It refers to the exchange
of ideas, feelings, emotions and knowledge and informations between two or more persons. Nothing
happens in the management till communication takes place.
Communication is a two – way process as it involves both information and understanding.
It may be written, oral, gastural communication flows downward from a superior to subordinates
and upward from a superior to subordinates and upward from subordinates to a superior. It also
flows between two or more persons operating at the same level of authority
Communication is essential at all levels of management for decision making and planning.
It increases managerial capacity and facilitates control. It has been rightly said that good managers
are good communicators and poor managers are poor communicators.
(c) Motivation : Motivation is the psychological process of creating urge among the subordinates do certain
things or behave in the desired manner. A manager has to provide some personal incentive to the
subordinates to motivate, persuade and inspire them for contributing their best towards the
achievement of enterprise objectives . A sound motivational system must be productive, competitive
comprehensive and flexible and it must consider the psychological, social, safety, ego and economic
needs of the workers.