Lingua- cultural problems of translation

Types of Adaptation
In my point of view there are four basic types of adaptation. They are: collocation adaptation, cultural adaptation, literary adaptation and ideological adaptation. Let us now discuss these types in some detail.
1. Collocation Adaptation
As previously referred, if a language was simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from one language into another. One would simply replace an English word for a concept with the Arabic name equivalence, for example, or vice versa.
Learning a new language would also be much easier than it is. But, as a matter of fact, each language articulates or organizes the world differently and languages all over the world do not simply name existing categories, but they articulate their own. Collocation can be defined as the way in which words are used together regularly. It indicates to the restrictions on how words can be used together, for example, prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used together. It is well-known that collocation is a difficult factor for anyone learning a foreign language. There seems to be no reason for certain collocations. Regular dictionaries are of little help in translating collocations, thus the translator often has to resort to adaptation. For example, the verb perform is used with (collocates with) operation, but not with discussion. So we say: (The doctor performed the operation) but we cannot say * (The committee performed a discussion) since held or had not perform collocates with discussion.
Consequently, we say (The committee held / had a discussion). Another example, the English phrase (dry cow), which is correctly rendered in Uzbek as (The cow which stopped providing milk) because literal translation would perplex the target language receptor (here, the one who speaks Uzbek), causing communication to fail. One more thing, whenever both of the source language and the target language belong to different family languages such as English and Uzbek, the rely on adaptation increases and vice versa.