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en el singular los sufijos intercambiables -
ică o -
ea (
rândunică,
rândunea– golondrina;
floricică,
floricea – florcita) y hacen el plural, respectivamente, en -
ici o en -
ele (
rândunici,
rândunele); las dos oposiciones son permutables en el sistema, pero la norma prefiere -
ică
en el singular y -
ele en el plural (
rândunică –
rândunele,
floricică –
floricele), por lo cual está
surgiendo en el sistema una nueva oposición -
ică/ -
ele, por cruce de las dos precedentes.
Pero el caso más interesante es el de los femeninos en
-
ă. Pueden éstos tener
el plural en -
e, sin metafonía (
casă –
case) o el plural en -
i, con metafonía (
țară, país,
țări). En el sistema,
los plurales son equivalentes, tanto que prácticamente todos los nombres indicados podrían
tener ambas formas; sin embargo, en cada caso, la norma prefiere netamente una u otra de
ellas, con tendencia general a preferir, según parece, las formas en
-i con metafonía (el plural
normal de
școală – escuela, es actualmente
școli, pero la norma anterior,
școale, se conserva
en el nombre de una institución creada en el siglo pasado:
Casa Școalelor” (Coșeriu 1952,
155-156).
In order to study the norm of the Romanian language in its diversity, it is necessary
to introduce the concept of architecture of the historical language, reached by Eugeniu
Coșeriu by operating several fundamental oppositions: 1) the distinction between
knowledge of the language and knowledge of “things”; 2) within the knowledge of
language, he differentiates language from metalanguage; 3) at the level of primary
language, the opposition between synchrony and diachrony; 4)
the difference, at the
level of “synchronic” language, between the free technique of discourse and repeated
discourse; 5) the opposition between the “architecture” and the structure of the language
(Coșeriu 2000, 250).
A historical language, as Eugeniu Coşeriu underlines, is not perfectly homogeneous;
it always displays internal variety, namely within it there are: a) diatopic differences, i.e.
differences in geographical space; b) diastratic differences, i.e. differences that depend
on the social and cultural levels of the linguistic community; c) diaphasic differences,
among different types of modes of exp
ression (Coșeriu 2000, 263).
These types of differences are related, in the sense of the relative homogeneity of
linguistic traditions,
to three types of units, of more or less unitary systems, within
historical language: 1) syntopic units or dialects (units considered at a single point in
space or which do not present spatial diversity); 2) synstratic units, or language levels
(the so-
called “sociolects”), that is units considered within one socio-cultural stratum
only, or which (practically) display no diversity in this respect; 3)
units of expressive
mode, with no diaphasic differences, i.e. synphasic units or language styles (for
example: familiar style, epic literary style) (Coșeriu 2000, 265-266).
In Eugeniu Coşeriu’s view, a historical language is never a single linguistic system,
but a “diasystem,” an aggregate of “dialects,” of “levels” and “language styles” (Coșeriu
2004, 266).
It is important to note the fact that historical languages do not have a unique norm,
but contain, in accordance with their configuration: diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic,
several norms. The specificity of syntopic, synstratic and synphasic units derives from
certain characteristics, which have become norms for those particular units, that is
obligatory and traditional actualizations, obviously manifested at all levels: phonological,
morphological,
syntactic, lexical, etc.
The diversity of the norm of the Romanian language can be illustrated by a series of
normal phenomena specific to the syntopic, synstratic or synphasic units of the
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94
language. From the category of dialectal norms, intensely studied in Romanian
dialectology, we can mention: a) at the phonetic level, the palatalization of the labial
represents a norm for the Moldavian subdialect
– thus, we have
ghini instead of
bine;
the palatalization of
ti,
te to
č and of
de, di to
ğ is specific to the Banat subdialect, and
thus we have
ghince for
dinte: b)
morphologically speaking, the simple perfect tense
constitutes a norm for the Oltenian subdialect, denoting a past action performed on the
day of speaking; in the Banat subdialect, the verb
a fi has the form
(eu)mi-s for
(eu)sunt;
the noun
casă has the plural
căsi, instead of
case, in Transylvanian language varieties;
c) from a lexical point of view,
harbuz, for
melon, represents a norm within the Moldavian
subdialect; the use of
cocon instead of
copil
is specific to the Maramureș variety, etc.
In what concerns the Romanian vernacular, as a synstratic unit of the Romanian
language (see Coșeriu 2000, 264), we must note that it has not represented a subject of
great interest in Romanian sociolinguistics. Romanian lexicographic research has
approached this language unit tangentially, by recording
and marking the lexical
elements used in the vernacular language, as in the following example: „búrtă s.f. 1.
(Pop.
) Abdomen” (MDA).
Regarding the diaphasic differences of the language, Eugeniu Coșeriu states:
“Diaphasic differences can – depending on communities – be significant, for example,
between spoken language and written language, between ‘ordinary’ language (germ.
Umgangssprache
) and literary language, between the familiar way of speaking and the ‘public’
(or maybe ceremonial) one, between ordinary language and administrative language, etc.”
(Coşeriu 2000, 265)[– my translation].
In what concerns the styles of the Romanian language and the norms pertaining to
them, they have been frequently and thoroughly researched by Romanian stylistics.
Among the normal phenomena pertaining to these units, we can mention: the vocative
form
Doamne, instead of
Domnule, of the noun
Domn, representing a characteristic of
the Romanian religious style; the lexical element “
Pârât, -ă 1-2 n. fem. (Legal) (Person)
against whom a plaintiff directs his complaint or request in a civil suit” (MDA), a lexical
element characteristic
of Romanian legal language; „Epistáxis sn (Med) Hemoragie
nazală [nasal haemorrhage]” (MDA), an element of Romanian medical terminology and
norm of the Romanian medical language, etc.
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