Mannosylated liposomes Mannosylated liposomes are becoming an alternative
method to deliver antigens or antimicrobials to mac-
rophages or DCs [
70
,
71
]. This approach is due to the fact
that mannose receptors can be found in these cell types,
improving directed-targeting [
16
]. Other research teams
have used cationic lipids like DDA, DOTAP and/or DC-
Chol to enhance or potentiate the immune responses
due to cell targeting strategies [
48
,
72
,
73
]. Korsholm
et al. determine that DDA liposomes were minimally
internalized by T cells in the mixed splenocyte cultures,
contrasting to high uptake rates for APCs (bone mar-
row dendritic cells) through class II MHC (MHC II),
leading to an enhanced OVA presentation. The immune
responses described by Varypataki et al. contrasted to
Korsholm et al. since DOTAP:DOPC liposomes bearing
the peptide SIINFEKL and polyI:C assisted in the deliv-
ery of OVA to DCs through MHC I, inducing a CD8
+
T
cell response.
Understanding and applying innovative ways of cell
targeting could improve the discovery pipeline for
novel therapeutic agents, avoiding undesirable immune
responses that can be detrimental to the patient. These
therapies could treat inflammatory diseases [like arthri-
tis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)],
infections or cancer. The following sections will focus on
how liposome-based vaccines are being utilized for the
treatment of infections from viral, bacterial, fungal and
parasitic origins. A special section will discuss liposomal
vaccines that target the bacterium Mycobacterium tuber- culosis to treat TB infections.
Page 9 of 23
De Serrano and Burkhart J Nanobiotechnol (2017) 15:83
