Listening test

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page 16 
Scientists have confirmed that an elephant’s capacity to communicate over long distance is 
essential for survival, especially in places like Etosha, where more than 2,400 savanna 
elephants range over a land bigger than New Jersey. It is already difficult for an elephant to 
find a mate in such a vast wild land, and the elephant reproductive biology only complicates 
it. Breeding herds also adopt low-frequency sounds to send alerts regarding predators. 
Even though grown-up elephants have no enemies else than human beings, baby elephants 
are vulnerable and are susceptible to lions and hyenas attack. At the sight of a predator, 
older ones in the herd will clump together to form protection before running away. 
We now know that elephants can respond to warning calls in the air, but can they detect 
signals transmitted solely through the ground? To look into that matter, the research team 
designed an experiment in 2002, which used electronic devices that enabled them to give 
out signals through the ground at Mushara. ‘The outcomes of our 2002 study revealed that 
elephants could indeed sense warning signals through the ground,’ O’Connell-Rodwell 
observes. 
 
Questions 30-35 
Complete the summary below. 
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. 
Write your answers in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.
How the elephants sense these sound vibrations is still unknown, but O’Connell-Rodwell, a 
postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University, proposes that elephants are ‘listening’ with 
their 30_______________ by two kinds of nerve endings that respond to vibrations with 
both 31_______________ frequency and slightly higher frequencies. O’Connell-Rodwell’s 
work is at the combination of geophysics, neurophysiology and 32_______________ It was 
known that seismic communication existed extensively within small animals, but O’Connell-
Rodwell was the first person to indicate that a large land animal would send and 
receive 33_______________ too. Also, he noticed the freezing behaviour by putting a male 
planthopper on a stem and play back a female call, which might prove the existence of 
other communicative approaches besides 34_______________ Scientists have determined 
that an elephant’s ability to communicate over long distances is essential, especially, when 
elephant herds are finding a 35_______________, or are warning of predators.