Listening test

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page 12 
Part 4 
Read the following text for questions 21-29 
How to Spot a Liar 
However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by 
feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by 
disguise: adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be 
something they are not – and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful 
deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come 
as no surprise to learn that human beings- who, according to psychologist Gerald Johnson 
of the University of South California, or lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth 
every 5 minutes- often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to 
get something they can’t get by other means. 
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to 
tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be 
swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. 
Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled 
webs- if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language 
and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognise the tell-tale signs of lying. Researchers 
are even programming computers – like those used on Lie Detector -to get at the truth by 
analysing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. “With the proper 
training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies,” says Paul Ekman, professor of 
psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years 
studying the secret art of deception. 
In order to know what kind of Lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess 
other people’s emotional states. Ackman’s research shows that this same emotional 
intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is 
stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do. 
Even high-tech lie detectors don’t detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues 
of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. 
Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend 
to increase when people are nervous – as they usually are when lying. Nervous people 
typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conducts electricity. That’s why a 
sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness – about getting caught, perhaps -
which makes, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the 

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