Management of hepatorenal syndrome
Yüklə 125,1 Kb.
|
|
PREVENTİON Prevention of HRS is important since it develops with a constant frequency in case of SBP and alcoholic hepatitis. So it is possible to prevent HRS if SBP is urgently diagnosed and treated. Albumin infusion may help to prevent HRS when SBP develops. Albumin infusion is started together with antibiotherapy with an initial dose of 1.5 g/kg at the time of diagnosis of infection and after 48 hours albumin infusion is repeated with a dose of 1 g/kg[23,100]. Incidence of renal dysfunction is decreased when compared to patients who are not treated with albumin (8% vs 31%) and also mortality is decreased (16% vs 35%)[100]. Norfloxacin is recommended in selected patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Four hundred mg/day dose of oral norfloxacin in one year time period was found to decrease SBP development (7% vs 61%), decrease HRS development (28% vs 41%) and improved survival at three months (94% vs 62%) and one year (60% vs 48%)[100,101]. In a study investigating whether pentoxifyline is beneficial or not it is observed that there is significant benefit with 1200 mg/d pentoxifyline when compared with plasebo[102]. But a meta-analysis revealed that there is no benefit of pentoxifyline on HRS[103]. REFERENCES 1 Arroyo V. Hecker R, Sherlock S. Electrolyte and circulatory changes in terminal liver failure [Lancet 1956; 2: 1221-1225]. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 315-320 [PMID: 11867173] 2 Koppel MH, Coburn JW, Mims MM, Goldstein H, Boyle JD, Rubini ME. Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functionalnature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 1969; 280: 1367-1371 [PMID: 4890476] 3 Meltzer J, Brentjens TE. Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis: hepatorenal syndrome and renal support strategies. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010; 23: 139-144 [PMID: 20124895 DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32833724a8] 4 Weismüller TJ, Prokein J, Becker T, Barg-Hock H, Klempnauer J, Manns MP, Strassburg CP. Prediction of survival after liver transplantation by pre-transplant parameters. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 736-746 [PMID: 18569992 DOI: 10.1080/00365520801932944] 5 Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology 1996; 23: 164-176 [PMID: 8550036] 6 Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Postgrad Med J 2008; 84: 662-670 [PMID: 19201943 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.107789] 7 Wadei HM, Mai ML, Ahsan N, Gonwa TA. Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 1066-1079 [PMID: 17699328] 8 Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, Aldeguer X, Planas R, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Castells L, Vargas V, Soriano G, Guevara M, Ginès P, Rodés J. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 403-409 [PMID: 10432325] 9 Fasolato S, Angeli P, Dallagnese L, Maresio G, Zola E, Mazza E, Salinas F, Donà S, Fagiuoli S, Sticca A, Zanus G, Cillo U, Frasson I, Destro C, Gatta A. Renal failure and bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and clinical features. Hepatology 2007; 45: 223-229 [PMID: 17187409] 10 Thabut D, Massard J, Gangloff A, Carbonell N, Francoz C, Nguyen-Khac E, Duhamel C, Lebrec D, Poynard T, Moreau R. Model for end-stage liver disease score and systemic inflammatory response are major prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis and acute functional renal failure. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1872-1882 [PMID: 17972337] 11 Terra C, Guevara M, Torre A, Gilabert R, Fernández J, Martín-Llahí M, Baccaro ME, Navasa M, Bru C, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Ginès P. Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis unrelated to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: value of MELD score. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1944-1953 [PMID: 16344063] 12 Orlando R, Floreani M, Padrini R, Palatini P. Evaluation of measured and calculated creatinine clearances as glomerular filtration markers in different stages of liver cirrhosis. Clin Nephrol 1999; 51: 341-347 [PMID: 10404694] 13 Sherman DS, Fish DN, Teitelbaum I. Assessing renal function in cirrhotic patients: problems and pitfalls. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 269-278 [PMID: 12552488] 14 Belcher JM, Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Bhogal H, Lim JK, Ansari N, Coca SG, Parikh CR. Association of AKI with mortality and complications in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57: 753-762 [PMID: 22454364 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25735] 15 Tsien CD, Rabie R, Wong F. Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis. Gut 2013; 62: 131-137 [PMID: 22637695 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301255] 16 Jenq CC, Tsai MH, Tian YC, Lin CY, Yang C, Liu NJ, Lien JM, Chen YC, Fang JT, Chen PC, Yang CW. RIFLE classification can predict short-term prognosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1921-1930 [PMID: 17605129] 17 Cholongitas E, Calvaruso V, Senzolo M, Patch D, Shaw S, O'Beirne J, Burroughs AK. RIFLE classification as predictive factor of mortality in patients with cirrhosis admitted to intensive care unit. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 1639-1647 [PMID: 19788604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05908.x] 18 Wong F, Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Salerno F, Bellomo R, Gerbes A, Angeli P, Moreau R, Davenport A, Jalan R, Ronco C, Genyk Y, Arroyo V. Working Party proposal for a revised classification system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2011; 60: 702-709 [PMID: 21325171 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.236133] 19 Platt JF, Ellis JH, Rubin JM, Merion RM, Lucey MR. Renal duplex Doppler ultrasonography: a noninvasive predictor of kidney dysfunction and hepatorenal failure in liver disease. Hepatology 1994; 20: 362-369 [PMID: 8045497] 20 Ginès P, Schrier RW. Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1279-1290 [PMID: 19776409 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0809139] 21 Dagher L, Moore K. The hepatorenal syndrome. Gut 2001; 49: 729-737 [PMID: 11600480] 22 Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1151-1157 [PMID: 2971015] 23 Arroyo V, Fernández J. Management of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 7: 517-526 [PMID: 21826080 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.96] 24 Arroyo V, Clària J, Saló J, Jiménez W. Antidiuretic hormone and the pathogenesis of water retention in cirrhosis with ascites. Semin Liver Dis 1994; 14: 44-58 [PMID: 8016662] 25 Iwao T, Oho K, Sakai T, Tayama C, Sato M, Nakano R, Yamawaki M, Toyonaga A, Tanikawa K. Splanchnic and extrasplanchnic arterial hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 817-823 [PMID: 9382968] 26 Fernandez-Seara J, Prieto J, Quiroga J, Zozaya JM, Cobos MA, Rodriguez-Eire JL, Garcia-Plaza A, Leal J. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites with and without functional renal failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1304-1312 [PMID: 2676683] 27 Maroto A, Ginès P, Arroyo V, Ginès A, Saló J, Clària J, Jiménez W, Bru C, Rivera F, Rodés J. Brachial and femoral artery blood flow in cirrhosis: relationship to kidney dysfunction. Hepatology 1993; 17: 788-793 [PMID: 8491446] 28 Vorobioff J, Bredfeldt JE, Groszmann RJ. Increased blood flow through the portal system in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 1120-1126 [PMID: 6479534] 29 Sato S, Ohnishi K, Sugita S, Okuda K. Splenic artery and superior mesenteric artery blood flow: nonsurgical Doppler US measurement in healthy subjects and patients with chronic liver disease. Radiology 1987; 164: 347-352 [PMID: 2955448] 30 Torregrosa M, Aguadé S, Dos L, Segura R, Gónzalez A, Evangelista A, Castell J, Margarit C, Esteban R, Guardia J, Genescà J. Cardiac alterations in cirrhosis: reversibility after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 68-74 [PMID: 15629509] 31 Ma Z, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: getting to the heart of the matter. Hepatology 1996; 24: 451-459 [PMID: 8690419] 32 Møller S, Henriksen JH. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: a pathophysiological review of circulatory dysfunction in liver disease. Heart 2002; 87: 9-15 [PMID: 11751653] 33 Myers RP, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: S44-S52 [PMID: 10915191] 34 Pozzi M, Carugo S, Boari G, Pecci V, de Ceglia S, Maggiolini S, Bolla GB, Roffi L, Failla M, Grassi G, Giannattasio C, Mancia G. Evidence of functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1131-1137 [PMID: 9362352] 35 Saba S, Janczewski AM, Baker LC, Shusterman V, Gursoy EC, Feldman AM, Salama G, McTiernan CF, London B. Atrial contractile dysfunction, fibrosis, and arrhythmias in a mouse model of cardiomyopathy secondary to cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289: H1456-H1467 [PMID: 15923312] 36 Bernardi M, Rubboli A, Trevisani F, Cancellieri C, Ligabue A, Baraldini M, Gasbarrini G. Reduced cardiovascular responsiveness to exercise-induced sympathoadrenergic stimulation in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1991; 12: 207-216 [PMID: 2050999] 37 Henriksen JH, Ring-Larsen H. Hepatorenal disorders: role of the sympathetic nervous system. Semin Liver Dis 1994; 14: 35-43 [PMID: 8016660] 38 Moncrief K, Kaufman S. Splenic baroreceptors control splenic afferent nerve activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R352-R356 [PMID: 16210416] 39 Kostreva DR, Castaner A, Kampine JP. Reflex effects of hepatic baroreceptors on renal and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: R390-R394 [PMID: 7377377] 40 Guarner C, Soriano G, Tomas A, Bulbena O, Novella MT, Balanzo J, Vilardell F, Mourelle M, Moncada S. Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1139-1143 [PMID: 8225220] 41 Lluch P, Torondel B, Medina P, Segarra G, Del Olmo JA, Serra MA, Rodrigo JM. Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine in human alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 55-59 [PMID: 15246208] 42 Bomzon A, Blendis LM. The nitric oxide hypothesis and the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1343-1350 [PMID: 7927270] 43 Ginès P, Guevara M, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Hepatorenal syndrome. Lancet 2003; 362: 1819-1827 [PMID: 14654322] 44 Laffi G, La Villa G, Pinzani M, Ciabattoni G, Patrignani P, Mannelli M, Cominelli F, Gentilini P. Altered renal and platelet arachidonic acid metabolism in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 274-282 [PMID: 3079716] 45 Boyer TD, Zia P, Reynolds TB. Effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin A1 on renal function and plasma renin activity in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 215-222 [PMID: 447034] 46 Rimola A, Ginés P, Arroyo V, Camps J, Pérez-Ayuso RM, Quintero E, Gaya J, Rivera F, Rodés J. Urinary excretion of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 in cirrhosis with ascites. Relationship to functional renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome). J Hepatol 1986; 3: 111-117 [PMID: 3462243] 47 Ginès A, Escorsell A, Ginès P, Saló J, Jiménez W, Inglada L, Navasa M, Clària J, Rimola A, Arroyo V. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 229-236 [PMID: 8514039] 48 Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1637-1648 [PMID: 11113085] 49 Follo A, Llovet JM, Navasa M, Planas R, Forns X, Francitorra A, Rimola A, Gassull MA, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Renal impairment after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and prognosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1495-1501 [PMID: 7982650] 50 Cárdenas A, Ginès P, Uriz J, Bessa X, Salmerón JM, Mas A, Ortega R, Calahorra B, De Las Heras D, Bosch J, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 671-676 [PMID: 11584362] 51 European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 397-417 [PMID: 20633946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.004] 52 Orlando R, Mussap M, Plebani M, Piccoli P, De Martin S, Floreani M, Padrini R, Palatini P. Diagnostic value of plasma cystatin C as a glomerular filtration marker in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 850-858 [PMID: 12029000] 53 Gerbes AL, Gülberg V, Bilzer M, Vogeser M. Evaluation of serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of renal function in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gut 2002; 50: 106-110 [PMID: 11772976] 54 Lluch P, Mauricio MD, Vila JM, Segarra G, Medina P, Del Olmo JA, Rodrigo JM, Serra MA. Accumulation of symmetric dimethylarginine in hepatorenal syndrome. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231: 70-75 [PMID: 16380646] 55 Vaidya VS, Ramirez V, Ichimura T, Bobadilla NA, Bonventre JV. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290: F517-F529 [PMID: 16174863] 56 Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, Ruff SM, Zahedi K, Shao M, Bean J, Mori K, Barasch J, Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 1982; 365: 1231-1238 [PMID: 15811456] 57 Cabrera J, Arroyo V, Ballesta AM, Rimola A, Gual J, Elena M, Rodes J. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in cirrhosis. Value of urinary beta 2-microglobulin to discriminate functional renal failure from acute tubular damage. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 97-105 [PMID: 6171479] 58 Malyszko J. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in different clinical settings: a time to change the paradigm? Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 33: 368-382 [PMID: 20924195 DOI: 10.1159/000319505] 59 Ginès A, Salmerón JM, Ginès P, Arroyo V, Jiménez W, Rivera F, Rodés J. Oral misoprostol or intravenous prostaglandin E2 do not improve renal function in patients with cirrhosis and ascites with hyponatremia or renal failure. J Hepatol 1993; 17: 220-226 [PMID: 8445236] 60 Clewell JD, Walker-Renard P. Prostaglandins for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 54-55 [PMID: 8123962] 61 Barnardo DE, Baldus WP, Maher FT. Effects of dopamine on renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1970; 58: 524-531 [PMID: 5438003] 62 Bennett WM, Keeffe E, Melnyk C, Mahler D, Rösch J, Porter GA. Response to dopamine hydrochloride in the hepatorenal syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135: 964-971 [PMID: 1156055] 63 Gülberg V, Bilzer M, Gerbes AL. Long-term therapy and retreatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with ornipressin and dopamine. Hepatology 1999; 30: 870-875 [PMID: 10498636] 64 Durkin RJ, Winter SM. Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome with the combination of norepinephrine and dopamine. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 202-204 [PMID: 8001372] 65 Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49: 2087-2107 [PMID: 19475696 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22853] 66 Solanki P, Chawla A, Garg R, Gupta R, Jain M, Sarin SK. Beneficial effects of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 152-156 [PMID: 12542598] 67 Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A. Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2010; 51: 576-584 [PMID: 19885875 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23286] 68 Nazar A, Pereira GH, Guevara M, Martín-Llahi M, Pepin MN, Marinelli M, Solá E, Baccaro ME, Terra C, Arroyo V, Ginès P. Predictors of response to therapy with terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2010; 51: 219-226 [PMID: 19877168 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23283] 69 Runyon BA, Sterns RH, Forman JP. Hepatorenal syndrome. Uptodate [Serial online] Version 19.3. Nov 2011 (diunduh 12 Juli 2013) Tersedia dari: Available from: URL: http: //uptodate.com/contents/hepatotrnal-syndrom 70 Lata J. Hepatorenal syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4978-4984 [PMID: 23049205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.4978] 71 Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Davenport A, Wong F, Davis C, Pannu N, Tolwani A, Bellomo R, Genyk YS. Hepatorenal syndrome: the 8th International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2012; 16: R23 [PMID: 22322077 DOI: 10.1186/cc11188] 72 Ginès P. Pharmacological management of hepatorenal syndrome: lessons from non-responders. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 268-269 [PMID: 21349296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.006] 73 Martín-Llahí M, Pépin MN, Guevara M, Díaz F, Torre A, Monescillo A, Soriano G, Terra C, Fábrega E, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Ginès P. Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1352-1359 [PMID: 18471512 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.024] 74 Alessandria C, Venon WD, Marzano A, Barletti C, Fadda M, Rizzetto M. Renal failure in cirrhotic patients: role of terlipressin in clinical approach to hepatorenal syndrome type 2. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 1363-1368 [PMID: 12468959] 75 Moreau R, Lebrec D. The use of vasoconstrictors in patients with cirrhosis: type 1 HRS and beyond. Hepatology 2006; 43: 385-394 [PMID: 16496352] 76 Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A. Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD005162 [PMID: 22972083 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005162.pub3] 77 Sharma P, Kumar A, Shrama BC, Sarin SK. An open label, pilot, randomized controlled trial of noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome and predictors of response. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1689-1697 [PMID: 18557715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01828.x] 78 Wong F, Pantea L, Sniderman K. Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2004; 40: 55-64 [PMID: 15239086] 79 Singh V, Ghosh S, Singh B, Kumar P, Sharma N, Bhalla A, Sharma AK, Choudhary NS, Chawla Y, Nain CK. Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 1293-1298 [PMID: 22322237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.012] 80 Alessandria C, Ottobrelli A, Debernardi-Venon W, Todros L, Cerenzia MT, Martini S, Balzola F, Morgando A, Rizzetto M, Marzano A. Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 499-505 [PMID: 17560680] 81 Kalambokis G, Economou M, Fotopoulos A, Al Bokharhii J, Pappas C, Katsaraki A, Tsianos EV. The effects of chronic treatment with octreotide versus octreotide plus midodrine on systemic hemodynamics and renal hemodynamics and function in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 879-885 [PMID: 15784036] 82 Esrailian E, Pantangco ER, Kyulo NL, Hu KQ, Runyon BA. Octreotide/Midodrine therapy significantly improves renal function and 30-day survival in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 742-748 [PMID: 17235705] 83 Angeli P, Volpin R, Gerunda G, Craighero R, Roner P, Merenda R, Amodio P, Sticca A, Caregaro L, Maffei-Faccioli A, Gatta A. Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with the administration of midodrine and octreotide. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1690-1697 [PMID: 10347109] 84 Duvoux C, Zanditenas D, Hézode C, Chauvat A, Monin JL, Roudot-Thoraval F, Mallat A, Dhumeaux D. Effects of noradrenalin and albumin in patients with type I hepatorenal syndrome: a pilot study. Hepatology 2002; 36: 374-380 [PMID: 12143045] 85 Velez JC, Nietert PJ. Therapeutic response to vasoconstrictors in hepatorenal syndrome parallels increase in mean arterial pressure: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 58: 928-938 [PMID: 21962618 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.017] 86 Guevara M, Ginès P, Bandi JC, Gilabert R, Sort P, Jiménez W, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatorenal syndrome: effects on renal function and vasoactive systems. Hepatology 1998; 28: 416-422 [PMID: 9696006] 87 Brensing KA, Textor J, Perz J, Schiedermaier P, Raab P, Strunk H, Klehr HU, Kramer HJ, Spengler U, Schild H, Sauerbruch T. Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. Gut 2000; 47: 288-295 [PMID: 10896924] 88 Brensing KA, Textor J, Strunk H, Klehr HU, Schild H, Sauerbruch T. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt for hepatorenal syndrome. Lancet 1997; 349: 697-698 [PMID: 9078203] 89 Ochs A, Rössle M, Haag K, Hauenstein KH, Deibert P, Siegerstetter V, Huonker M, Langer M, Blum HE. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for refractory ascites. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1192-1197 [PMID: 7700312] 90 Somberg KA, Lake JR, Tomlanovich SJ, LaBerge JM, Feldstein V, Bass NM. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for refractory ascites: assessment of clinical and hormonal response and renal function. Hepatology 1995; 21: 709-716 [PMID: 7875668] 91 Ginès P, Uriz J, Calahorra B, Garcia-Tsao G, Kamath PS, Del Arbol LR, Planas R, Bosch J, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1839-1847 [PMID: 12454841] 92 Rössle M, Gerbes AL. TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax: a critical update. Gut 2010; 59: 988-1000 [PMID: 20581246 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.193227] 93 Testino G, Ferro C, Sumberaz A, Messa P, Morelli N, Guadagni B, Ardizzone G, Valente U. Type-2 hepatorenal syndrome and refractory ascites: role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in eighteen patients with advanced cirrhosis awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 50: 1753-1755 [PMID: 14696397] 94 Capling RK, Bastani B. The clinical course of patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome maintained on hemodialysis. Ren Fail 2004; 26: 563-568 [PMID: 15526916] 95 Keller F, Heinze H, Jochimsen F, Passfall J, Schuppan D, Büttner P. Risk factors and outcome of 107 patients with decompensated liver disease and acute renal failure (including 26 patients with hepatorenal syndrome): the role of hemodialysis. Ren Fail 1995; 17: 135-146 [PMID: 7644764] 96 Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D, Patschan S, Mitchell A, Treichel U, Gerken G, Philipp T, Kribben A. Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 1369-1373 [PMID: 15610310] 97 Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS, McGuire B, Lynch P, Mehta R, Larsen FS, Gornbein J, Stange J, Blei AT. Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1853-1862 [PMID: 17975845] 98 Gonwa TA, Morris CA, Goldstein RM, Husberg BS, Klintmalm GB. Long-term survival and renal function following liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatorenal syndrome--experience in 300 patients. Transplantation 1991; 51: 428-430 [PMID: 1994538] 99 Gonwa TA, McBride MA, Anderson K, Mai ML, Wadei H, Ahsan N. Continued influence of preoperative renal function on outcome of orthotopic liver transplant (OLTX) in the US: where will MELD lead us? Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 2651-2659 [PMID: 16939515] 100 Salerno F, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Albumin infusion improves outcomes of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 123-130.e1 [PMID: 23178229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.007] 101 Fernández J, Navasa M, Planas R, Montoliu S, Monfort D, Soriano G, Vila C, Pardo A, Quintero E, Vargas V, Such J, Ginès P, Arroyo V. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 818-824 [PMID: 17854593] 102 Tyagi P, Sharma P, Sharma BC, Puri AS, Kumar A, Sarin SK. Prevention of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: a pilot randomized control trial between pentoxifylline and placebo. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 210-217 [PMID: 21285885 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283435d76] 103 Whitfield K, Rambaldi A, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD007339 [PMID: 19821406 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007339.pub2] P-Reviewer: Alam S, El-Shabrawi MH, Hu R, Merli M S-Editor: Ji FF L-Editor: E-Editor:
Yüklə 125,1 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|