Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services

1. Sales (turnover) and/or output 
4.48.  Sales and turnover are used here interchangeably 
to mean the same thing.  Following the 1993 SNA 
(which may be consulted for additional details and 
examples), output differs from sales because it includes 
changes in stocks of finished goods and work in 
progress and because of differences in measurement 
applicable to activities involving trade or financial 
intermediation.  Output is a superior and more refined 
measure of activity for most purposes and is 
recommended as the preferred variable for compilation.  
However, sales data are easier to collect and may present 
more options for disaggregation.  Thus, there may be a 
continuing role in FATS statistics for both measures. 
4.49.  Services activities do not involve stocks of 
finished goods, and changes in work-in-progress will 
usually be impossible to measure.  In practice, therefore, 
measured output will be identical to sales for most 
service activities.  For wholesale and retail distribution, 
although the sales are of goods, the output is defined as a 
service, equal not to the total value of sales but to the 
trade margins realised on goods purchased for resale.  
For financial intermediaries, output is equal to service 
charges actually levied, plus financial intermediation 
services indirectly measured, the values of which are 
estimated from the difference between the property 
incomes received by financial intermediaries from the 
investment of borrowed funds, and the interest they 
themselves pay on such funds (see box 5).  For 
insurance, output is measured not by total premiums 
earned but by a service charge that takes into account 
income on technical reserves and also the actual or 
expected value of claims.  In all these cases, output will 

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generally be considerably lower than sales because it, 
unlike sales, excludes the amounts - which may 
constitute a large portion of total operating revenues - 
that pass through the enterprise without being considered 
a part of its intermediate consumption.