340
Fig. 2. The Malaysian agricultural GDP (%)
vis-à-vis the % of national GDP.
emphasis on cash crops, namely oil palm, rubber, and cocoa, the small-scale
farmers focused principally on sizeable acreages of the arable lands are planted
with food crops like rice, pepper, fruit orchards, vegetables, and herbs. The
notable exception to this dualistic nature of farming activities that farmers under
the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) and Rubber Small Industry
Development Authority (RISDA) are engaged with a blend of both estate-based
agriculture and food production pursuits. Large estates are always at risk from
the vagaries of labour supply, while small farms faced the problems of economy
of scale in production and profitability. The estates and small-scale farms
account for more than 98.5% or 5.78 million ha of agricultural land in the country.
The Malaysian farming sector is faced with perennial scarcity of domestic human
labour brought about by rural-urban migration and increasingly burgeoning
population, and demand by industrial sector for skilled/semi-skilled labour. Such
scarcity is augmented by the importation of foreign labour principally from
Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.
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