LLL problems and their causes
Representatives of different target groups do not always realize how important ALE is for them,
and therefore it is necessary to develop mechanisms for encouraging population engagement
in educational and learning processes. However, because there are no governmental ALE
administration bodies and no defined scope of their competences, such mechanisms are not
available. Moreover, the ALE sub-sector itself (officially is not defined as a separate block, but
nonetheless, actually exists in various types at different levels of education) is not represented
by a sufficiently wide network of diverse educational institutions and other educational
structures for adults. All this reduces access to the adult ALE programs.
There are Centres for training and retraining of the unemployed population under the Ministry
of Labour, Institutes for the advanced (in-service) training of different fields of study for adults
in Uzbekistan and all of them are state-funded. In addition, there are fee-based courses for
non-working population at vocational colleges, training programs provided by the non-
governmental educational institutions (NGEI) on a fee basis and free educational programs on
the basis of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs), as well as various courses
organized by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Business Women's Association and
other organizations, but their number is insufficient for the 32 million population of Uzbekistan,
and the policies that support the development of these ALE providers are not uniform and
deliberate and focused mainly on vocational education (retraining, advanced training). As a
result, almost no one is responsible for management decisions in this area. This is exacerbated
by the fact that the ALE is not considered and highlighted in legislative documents as a
separate education subsector. There is no legal framework, and the term "adult education" is
not used in current legislative documents. The term "continuing education" used in the
legislative acts partly includes the aspects reflected in the international understanding of the
ALE and LLL concept, but in general, the subsector visibility, both in educational policy and in
the entire society, does not correspond to its meaning and could be much higher.
All this makes it possible to conclude that one of the most serious challenges facing the ALE
is the lack of subsector institutionalization, which is so diverse that is in need of an intersectoral
governing body in which involvement of various stakeholders will be ensured.
Another problem is low enrolment rates in the ALE. A positive fact against this background is
a list of professions for which periodic advanced training is required (teachers, doctors, pilots
and many others). As noted above, funds are allocated from the state budget to update the
knowledge and skills of representatives of these professions. However, the motivation of the
trainees attending advanced training courses is often quite low, since the development of
programs for them is excessively centralized and is not flexible. Institutions for advanced
training are located mainly in big cities and disadvantage residents of rural areas.
As for the business sector, big and medium-sized companies are able to invest certain funds
in staff training, however small business is left without such an opportunity. Non-formal training
for members of various professional associations is held periodically, but they are also
concentrated mainly in the capital of the country, and therefore participation in ALE programs
in provinces is much lower. The results of such educational activities are frequently not
documented and not reflected on the "educational accounts" involved (for example, when
changing job) as additional qualifications.
The activity of various non-governmental educational institutions slightly improves the
participation of population in the ALE. A training component or educational activity (study tours,
trainings, seminars, round tables, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, etc.) is also included in the
activities of various international projects. However, in general, the coverage of the adult
population by educational programs in comparison with the developed countries is rather low.
There is no statistical data on the degree of population participation in the ALE programs. But
on the basis of long-term observations of experts from the sector, it can be argued that in terms
of age the ALE coverage of population is quite uneven. Participation of the older people
remains at a low level (compared to European countries). Various educational courses,
lectures, clubs, etc. are mostly attended by school kids. Communities in social networks
periodically conduct educational activities (excursions, thematic meetings, lectures, etc.).
Young people and a small part of the average age group of the population (30-40 years old)
also participate more often.
In the market of educational services, public is mainly interested in the areas of ALE activity
which are successfully implemented in the non-formal sector of education: vocational training
for employment; language classes; computer literacy courses; accounting courses; courses
on personal development. Many of these areas are implemented in NGEIs, culture and leisure
centres, NGOs (educational activities), etc. Until recently, the non-formal ALE in Uzbekistan
was a fairly liberal sphere, alienated from the general system of formal education. Starting from
2004 it is a sphere with clearly regulated rules for the work of NGEIs, providing services on a
fee basis. In provinces, the number of these providers (in view of complicated procedure for
NGEIs licensing) is considerably less than in the capital.
Culture and leisure centres for population, created on the basis of former “Houses of culture”,
being state organizations by form of ownership, mainly operate in the non-formal sector and
offer a variety of cultural and educational services (hobby groups, art and discussion clubs,
meetings with cultural figures and others). However, they do not have enough experienced
staff (experts in andragogy) who can work with adults, as well as competent methodologists
and developers of training programs.
Museums, libraries, theatres, cinemas and art galleries are still positioning themselves as
cultural institutions, but some of them (National Library of Uzbekistan, Zero-Line gallery, etc.)
are gradually beginning to perform some functions of educational institutions, offering their
visitors various lectures of educational and enlightening nature.
In general, ALE share and importance outside the framework of formal education is very small.
At the same time, according to UNESCO's assessment, 85% of EU working population has
acquired the necessary knowledge and skills beyond the formal education.
Another challenge for the republic's ALE is the lack of training of specialists and teachers for
this sub-sector. Now adults are trained by specialists who has graduated from the higher
educational institutions with a pedagogical departments or completed training in various
programs of institutes for advanced training, NGEIs and associations (their own training
programs for trainers), international projects (trainings for trainers). Complex procedures for
licensing NGEIs activities lead to their limited number and less opportunities to participate in
the adult education. In addition, educational institutions hardly use the opportunities for
distance learning. All this has a significant effect on reducing the access of the population to
the ALE programs.
Profession of the “Andragogue” is not included in the Classification of Occupations and
Employment; there is no training for this profession at universities either in studying for
bachelor's degree or for master's degree. As a consequence, the scientific and practical
research of the ALE sphere is poorly developed; there is no information and consulting system
for the subsector. The situation is aggravated by the lack of a mechanism for collecting and
analysing statistical information on the ALE for a qualitative evidence based policy-making in
this area.
In Uzbekistan, the indicator of education funding in total is quite high, but the share of public
funds for the ALE is scanty. Training and retraining of the unemployed is underfunded.
Insufficient is financing of state institutions for advanced (in-service) training. Almost no
innovative multi-channel forms of financing are used. Organizations working in the field of ALE
and non-formal education are hardly encouraged. Local authorities play a minor role in the
ALE financing, although international experience indicates the success of such financing
scheme (Germany, South Korea, etc.).
Thus, the main challenges facing the ALE system of Uzbekistan are the following: lack of
subsector institutionalization, a small number of educational organizations / providers for adults
and, accordingly, a low level of participation in the educational programs, lack of public financial
support for this subsector, no staff training for this sector.
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