Middle Ages Unit 2002

• was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.
• Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics," the "father of science," and "the Father of Modern Science.“

• "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.“
• Stephen Hawking

• Galileo Galilei (1464-1542)

Social and Political Philosophy

• Social and political philosophy was concerned the problems of the state, the society, interaction of Church and state institutions.
• The main teaching were:
• Reformation
• Political philosophies
• Utopism.

Reformation

• Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the «Ninety-five Theses» by Luther in 1517.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• a German professor of theology, composer, priest, and monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences* as he understood it to be, that freedom from God's punishment for sin could not be purchased with money. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 resulted in his excommunication by the Catholic Church.

• Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences* as he understood it to be, that freedom from God's punishment for sin could not be purchased with money. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 resulted in his excommunication by the Catholic Church.
• *Indulgences - sale of the remission of sins for material donations practiced in the Roman Catholic Church.