Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of God's grace through the believer's faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God.
Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of God's grace through the believer's faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God.
His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible to the laity, an event that had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture.
His marriage to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.
Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527) was not a general philosopher, and dealt primarily with political arts and the theory of war.
Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527) was not a general philosopher, and dealt primarily with political arts and the theory of war.
He was not quite a systematic political philosopher even. If his work has wider relevance it is because he was empirical about an important area of human experience.
The founder of the theory was Thomas More (1478-1535).His famous work "Utopia" stated:
The founder of the theory was Thomas More (1478-1535).His famous work "Utopia" stated:
the liquidation of private in his ideal state;
all the inhabitants had to work for common wealth and the products of their work were distributed equally among the citizens;
men and women had equally rights;
those who achieved progress in science were set free from the work;
all persons could be nominated to posts only through elections.
Philosophy of socialists-utopists developed the projection of ideal state where social justice was established instead of abolished contradictions and inequality.
