2.Inventory and the supply chain.
The Role of Inventory in Supply Chain Management
Managing customer and vendor relationships is a critical aspect of managing supply chains. In
many cases, the collaborative relationship concept has been considered the essence of supply
chain management. However, a closer examination of supply chain relationships, particularly
those involving product flows, reveals that the heart of these relationships is inventory
movement and storage. Much of the activity involved in managing relationships is based on the
purchase, transfer, or management of inventory. As such, inventory plays a critical role in supply
chains because it is a salient focus of supply chains.
Perhaps the most fundamental role that inventory plays in supply chains is that of
facilitating the balancing of demand and supply. To effectively manage the forward and reverse
flows in the supply chain, firms have to deal with upstream supplier exchanges and downstream
customer demands. This puts an organization in the position of trying to strike a balance between
fulfilling the demands of customers, which is often difficult to forecast with precision or
accuracy, and maintaining adequate supply of materials and goods. This balance is often
achieved through inventory.
For example, a growing trend is the implementation of sales and operations planning
(S&OP) processes.
4
The fundamental purpose of S&OP is to bring the demand management
functions of the firm (for example, sales forecasting, marketing) together with the operations
functions of the firm (for example, manufacturing, supply chain, logistics, procurement) and
level strategic plans. This often involves extensive discussions about the firm‘s on-hand
inventory, in-transit inventory, and work-in-process. Such discussions allow the sales and
marketing group to adequately plan for the forthcoming time horizon by gaining a realistic
picture of the inventory levels available for sale. Additionally, the operations groups are able to
get updated and direct sales forecasting information, which can assist in planning for future
inventory needs. Such information may very well result in shifts in manufacturing plans or
alterations to procurement needs because of the strategic decision to focus on specific units of
inventory instead of others in the near future.
Another example of balancing through inventory is the use of point-of-sale
5
(POS) data
for perpetual inventory management in the retail industry. For many retailers, every ―beep‖ of a
cash register upon scanning of an item‘s bar code during checkout triggers a series of messages
that another unit of inventory has been sold. This information is not only tracked by the retailer
but is also shared with upstream vendors. As items are depleted from inventory, in some cases,
both the retailer and vendor work collaboratively to determine when reordering is necessary to
replenish the depleted inventory, especially at the distribution center level. This is a balancing of
supply and demand because demand information is tracked to determine when to best place
replenishment orders based on the time required to get the inventory to the store location. In
essence, inventory decisions are used to effectively time when supply inflows are needed to
handle demand outflows.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |