Newprointernationa L
Yüklə 0,88 Mb.
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Newpro International
- Other Vowels
|
Newpro - Napas Donaldson NewPro . Introducing English as a Second Language to a New Pronunciation model built around PARESOL (Phonetic Alphabet Revised for English Speakers of Other Languages). . N E W P R O I N T E R N A T I O N A L N a p a s North American Pronunciation Acquisition System W O R K B O O K E D I T I O N
North American Pronunciation Acquisition System N a p a s Paresol, NewPro, and Napas 2007 J. P. Donaldson 1960 Broadway St NE Salem, OR 97301 Phone 503.586.3138 • Email mail@jonan.net Table of Contents
Keys to Acquiring North American English Pronunciation 4 Vowels 5
Practicing Vowels 9 [ ı - i - e ] 12 Another vowel that often needs more practice is the sound [ı]. Because most languages don’t have this sound, but have the sound [i], problems sometimes arise when students pronounce words that should be said using the vowel [ı] instead of the vowel [i]. For example, unless the situation is really clear, a native English speaker might not be able to understand if you say “eat” [it] when you meant to say “it” [ıt]. On the next page you will find a list of words for practicing the difference between the vowel [i] and the vowel [ı]. The vowel [ı] is not found in most languages. It is halfway between the vowels [i] and [e], which are the most common vowels in many languages. Practice saying: 12 [ u - ʊ - ʌ - a - æ ] 14 In this next section you will practice three vowels that are common in the English language, but are very rare in other languages: [ʊ], [ʌ], and [æ]: 14 Consonants 17 Practicing Consonants 22 [ s / ʃ ] 28 The consonants [s] and [ʃ] are both used a lot in English. In almost every language you will find the sound [s], but in many languages the sound [ʃ] is never or rarely used. 28 Transformations of Common Words 36 Pronunciation Transformations of “T” Inside Words 48 Pronunciation Transformations of “T” Between Words 50 Pronunciation Trasformations of Common Questions 55 Rhythm and Intonation 63 Dialogue Practice 73
Chapter 1
Keys to Acquiring North American English Pronunciation With a few simple rules and lots of practice, you can soon be speaking English like a native. In this chapter you will learn some general hints on learning the pronunciation of a language and how to use this book. This book is designed for two purposes. The first is to help students of English develop listening skill. The way native English speakers talk is very different from the words and sentences studied in classrooms and textbooks. Students often find it difficult to understand speech they would easily understand if it was in printed form. This book will develop listening skills by helping students learn rules of pronunciation that translate written English to spoken English. The second purpose of this book is to help students who wish to produce pronunciation of English similar to the pronunciation of native English speakers to do so. It is the author’s belief that English, being a global and internationalized language, no longer has a pronunciation pattern we can call “correct.” As such, it is perfectly acceptable for students of English to speak with the pronunciation they currently use unless that pronunciation is so difficult for others to understand that communication breaks down. This book will help students address individual issues they find to be causing communication problems. On the other hand, there are students who wish to produce English that sounds like native speakers. This book will help such students gain an understanding of pronunciation patterns not normally addressed in English textbooks. This book uses the Phonetic Alphabet Revised for English for Speakers of Other Languages. PARESOL is a phonetic alphabet with thirty-five simplified characters distilled from an analysis of the many different phonetic alphabets used around the world. Although the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) and others accurately signify the sounds used in English, there are some symbols that cause confusion to students of English. Another complication is that these alphabets have a large number of symbols, often numbering over a hundred, to precicely record every possible sound in any language. A simplification of the phonetic alphabet resulting in the minimum number of symbols needed to approximate the sounds in the English language would be easier for students to learn. PARESOL provides the minimum number of symbols needed to express English words in the simplest possible form. This edition uses only Standard North American pronunciation of English. This book is designed to be used by students of English at all levels. Throughout this book you will be working on pronunciation on many different levels, including phonemes (individual sounds), syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. As much as possible we will be working simultaneously on different levels. As you practice the things you learn in this book, there are a few points to keep in mind that might make it easier to improve your pronunciation.
Chapter 2
Vowels The best place to start studying the pronunciation of North American English is with the basic sounds that make up words. In these next few chapters we will get a firm grip on the basics. In later chapters we will work on pronunciation rules within and between words. Each dictionary and English textbook uses a different way of showing the pronunciation of words. For example, some dictionaries will write the pronunciation of “fix” as [fiks], others as [fıks], and still others as [fi:ks]. The phonetic script (pronunciation letters) used in this book is PARESOL, which stands for Phonetic Alphabet Revised for English Speakers of Other Languages. It is a synthesis and reduction of other phonetic scripts used around the world. To start with, let’s see what sounds there are in the English language. Most common of all are the vowels. Vowels are sounds where the mouth is open and air moves without being stopped or restricted by the tongue, teeth, or lips. Most vowels are written using the letters “a,” “e,” “i,” “o,” “u,” or a combination of these letters. The easiest vowels for non-native English speakers to produce are [a], [o], [u], [e], and [i]. These simple vowels are common in most languages. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Simple Vowels [a]: father, [faðr], top [tap], want [want] On the top of the alarm clock is a charming star. [anðə tap əðə əlarm klak ızə ʧarmiŋ star] [o]: bone [bon], cone [kon], phone [fon] Don’t show the notice to those boys. [don ʃo ðə nodıstə ðoz boiz] [u]: blue [blu], shoe [ʃu], rooster [rusdr] Did the movers lose two new boots? [dıdðə muvrz luz tu nu buts]
Every pet they sell is healthy. [evri peðei sel ız helθi]
We treat people with free meals and cheap seats. [wi trit pipl wıθ fri milz æn ʧip sits]
The more difficult vowels are [ı], [ʌ], [ə], and [ʊ]. In a later chapter we will spend some time learning and practicing these more complicated vowels. Complicated Vowels: The vowel [ı] is very close to the vowel [i]. Actually, it is exactly between the vowels [i] and [e]. Don’t worry about these vowels too much yet because we will practice them more in chapter 2. [ı]: dig [dıg], ship [ʃıp], picnic [pıknık] With fifteen big gifts, will Jimmy still feel miserable? [wıθ fıftin bıg gıfs wıl ʤımi stıl fıl mızrbl]
The funny duck loves his colorful umbrella. [ðə fʌni dʌk lʌvzız kʌlrfl ʌmbrelə]
A cup of coffee and a donut, please. [əkʌpə kafi ænə donət pliz]
That’s actually the happiest band I’ve ever had the chance to practice with. [ðæs ækʃli ðə hæpiəs bændaiv evr hædðə ʧænstə prækdıs wıθ]
These good books should be looked over thoroughly. [ðiz gʊd bʊks ʃudbi lʊkdovr θʊroli]
[ ıf jə n____d m____, ail bi w___ ___diŋ ın ðə b ___k r___m wıθ t ___m ən m ___r___ ]
[ f___ft___n p___pl s____t ___ndr ðə tr___ ___n ðə h___t s___mr s___n ]
[ ʃ___ fæʊnd hr k___z ___ndr ðə s___f___, ___l___ŋ w___θ ə t ___n d___lr b___l ]
[ ju w___l n___d tə s___t ___p w___n h___ndrəd æn f___fdi ʧ___rz ]
[ ınst ___d əv ___d___ŋ ʤ___nk f ___d ___vr___ dei, ju ʃ___d ___t v___ʤtəblz ] You can check your answers in Appendix A at the end of the book. Other Vowels There are some other sounds that you may find in a dictionary or other sources. They are found in other dialects of English such as British English, Brooklyn English, Australian English, etc... In this book you will not have to learn any other vowels besides [i, ı, e, ə, ʌ, ʊ, u, o, a,] and [æ]. Some vowels, like [a, i, u, e, o], are common in almost every language in the world. Other vowels that are common in English don’t exist in most other languages. In Italian or Japanese, for example, you will never find the vowels [æ], [ı], and [ʊ]. Chapter 3
Practicing Vowels In this chapter we will take some time to practice the more difficult vowels. Be sure to listen carefully to yourself, teachers, and friends when they say the words you find here. [ o → a ] Let’s start with the vowel most often pronounced by students of English with a different vowel than is used by North American native English speakers. Some words are spelled with an “o” but pronounced with an [a] in North American English (many dictionaries will write [ɔ] for these words, but [a] is close enough). Usually they are spelled with an “o” between two consonants. Other words are spelled with an “o” and another vowel, but pronounced [a]. blond [bland]
[blak]
[badi]
[bam]
[band]
[badl]
[baks]
[klak]
[klazət]
[kak]
[kad]
[kafi]
[kamədi]
[kap]
[kasd]
[kras]
[dakdr]
[dag]
[dal]
[daŋki]
[dat]
[drap]
[flas]
[fag]
[frag]
[falo]
[gad]
[gan]
[gasıp]
[gat]
[habi]
[haki]
[halədei] hop [hap]
[haspıdl]
[hat]
[ʤab]
[ʤaki]
[ʤag]
[ʤali]
[labsdr]
[labi]
[lak]
[laft]
[lag]
[laŋ]
[last]
[lat]
[mab]
[madrn]
[mam]
[map]
[maθ]
[nab]
[nak]
[nad]
[nat]
[af]
[afıs]
[an]
[pakət]
[pad]
[palətıks]
[pand]
[pap]
[pasəbl]
[pat]
[prabli]
[prabləm]
[rab]
[rak]
[rad]
[rat]
[ʃak]
[ʃapiŋ]
[sab]
[sakr]
[sak]
[safd]
[tagl]
[tap]
[tas]
[valjum]
[wabl]
Some other words are pronounced [a] but are spelled with an “o”: abroad → [əbrad] bought → [bat] brought → [brat] cough → [kaf] fought → [fat] thought → [θat] taught → [tat] Exercise 2 Using the vowels learned in this chapter and the Paresol chart at the end of the book, work with a partner to fill in the blanks below:
[ ðə b___s w___ns r___b___n tə go ʃ___p___ŋ æt l___ft w___n ___n br___dw___ ___ ]
[ h___ g___də b___dl ə b___r ın ðə b___r hw___n i f___n___ʃd ız ʤ___b ]
[ m___ ___ d___g ___ ___də b___ks ə r___Ɂn d___n___ts ]
[ h___t k___f___ k___sts t___ b___ks, b___t ___ts h___f ___f tədei ]
[ ʃ___ h___z l___ŋ bl___nd h___r ænə l___də fr___klz ] You can check your answers in Appendix A at the end of the book. Yüklə 0,88 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|