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MERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies
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 grnjournal.us 
 
providing it and its legal entities with loan capital; 

risks of operations, and in particular: 
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risks for foreign trade activity (foreign trade risks); 

risks for production activities (production risks). 
Risk assessment is extremely important for any investor, but especially for those who invest 
abroad, as they enter an unknown environment, so they should clearly understand the advantages 
and disadvantages of investment climate assessment systems: 

selection of risk factors and their share in any system cannot be completely objective. 
Therefore, it is advisable to compare risk assessments given by different systems; 

when analyzing risk factors, it is advisable for an investor to pay special attention to 
those that he will encounter more often; 
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all the above systems for assessing business risks are not specific enough and poorly 
specialized in the industries in which the company intends to invest. 
It should be noted that the scientific literature most fully and structured presents the risks 
associated with various types of lending (factoring, financial and credit activities). At the same 
time, most authors consider only the risks of the creditor. Among the risks to which the lender 
(supplier providing commodity credit) is exposed, the following groups of risks are distinguished: 
financial, commercial, operational and macroeconomic. 
Given the fact that the risks of the lender are directly related to the well-being of the 
borrower, when studying investment risks, it is necessary to consider the risks of the borrower as 
well. Depending on who the borrower is - an individual as an individual or a commercial 
organization - the composition of risks varies significantly, while the risks to which an individual 
entrepreneur is exposed include both. 
Let us consider, as an example of classification according to the “cause of risk” feature, the 
risks of a mortgage loan borrower, i.e. the borrower is an individual. Thus, the group “risks of loss 
and decrease in income” is detailed into three subgroups: the risk of permanent and temporary 
disability and the risk of loss of employment. bots. Similarly, in relation to borrowers that are legal 
entities, the following subgroups can be distinguished: 

the risk of reducing the number of orders; 

price risk (the actual sale price of the goods is lower than the calculated one); 

risk of losing a license for the right to carry out activities. 
In many works, the classification is based on the division of risks into insured (insured, 
insured) and not subject (not insured), which is argued by the fact that insurance is the most 
common tool for protecting against risks [19]. In addition, such a classification has become 
widespread due to the fact that it is reflected in the existing regulatory framework [20]. “American 
businessmen practically distinguish between two types of risks: 

inevitable risks (risks of losses from natural disasters, accidents, thefts, civil unrest, 
transportation of goods, as well as losses from dishonesty and negligence of the 
company's employees, from violation of obligations by counterparties); 

risks that are associated with the inevitable uncertainty of the business process itself 
(losses due to unpredictable changes in market demand and supply for goods and 
services, changes in the world conjuncture of shares and other securities, exchange 
price play, fashion changes, the emergence of unexpected achievements in scientific 
and technological progress etc.” [21]. 
Financial, commercial, entrepreneurial and investment risks require separate consideration. 
On the one hand, these types of risks are distinguished by almost all authors, and on the other hand, 

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