PS70CH12_Hall
ARI
9 November 2018
11:53
or may not be conveyed intentionally, and they may or may not be interpreted correctly, but in
any case, they will impact social relationships.
Many studies have investigated the relationship between NVC and formed impressions (e.g.,
Todorov 2017). For instance, having a smiling and relaxed face was associated with perceived
extraversion (Naumann et al. 2009). Other terms besides decoding have been used to describe a
perceiver’s intake of nonverbal information, including nonverbal perception, nonverbal detection,
and nonverbal sensitivity.
Regardless of terminology, NVC decoding may encompass both automatic and controlled
cognitive components, in parallel with the sender’s conscious and nonconscious factors described
above and illustrated in
Figure 1
. In the first few seconds or even microseconds of a social
interaction, the NVC message may be interpreted quickly and processed outside of conscious
awareness with little or no cognitive control (Ambady 2010, Lakin 2006). Several studies document
that less than 100 ms of exposure to a face is enough for perceivers to make trait judgments; for
example, extraversion impressions were formed within the first 50 ms of being exposed to a face
(Borkenau et al. 2009). The automaticity of NVC is also demonstrated in studies of behavioral
mimicry, where social interaction partners may imitate one another’s specific nonverbal behaviors
outside of conscious awareness (Chartrand & Lakin 2013). Conscious awareness and cognitive
resources may change a decoded message over time. For instance, first impressions based on
sender photographs were modified after a live interaction between senders and perceivers that
occurred 1 month later (Gunaydin et al. 2017). Even so, much of the immediate decoding process
may happen on a nonconscious level.
Just as various sender states, such as mood and status, contribute to nonverbal encoding, the
same factors also relate to a perceiver’s decoding process. Various components that may influence
NVC processes between a sender and perceiver include the expression channel and features of the
interaction itself (e.g., perceiver orientation either within or outside observance of an interaction,
interaction length, acquaintanceship between perceiver and sender). Perceiver qualities such as
emotional state, personality traits, and demographic attributes may also influence NVC and sub-
sequent impressions. Just as a sender’s encoded message is influenced by the factors described in
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