. It is generally accepted that the noun in Modern English has only two grammatical categories,
those of
number and case , normally expressed by the -
s inflection of the plural number and the -
‘
s inflection of the possessive case. Modern English, as many other languages, distinguishes
between two
numbers , singular and plural. Their categorical meaning is clear enough: the
singular number shows that one object is meant, the
plural shows that two or more objects are
meant. Thus, the opposition is “one — more than one” (e. g.
student — students ,
girl — girls ,
story — stories , etc), with the plural forms being the strong member, marked by the -
s inflection in its
three phonetic variants: [s], [z], [iz]. There are some closed groups of nouns which display
exceptional plural forms:
1) Four nouns add the non-productive suffixes -
en , -
ren (
ox — oxen ,
child — children ,
brother — brethren ,
aurochs — aurochsen ).
2) Seven nouns change their vowel; this process is known as mutation, or sound alternation (
man — men ,
woman — women ,
goose —geese ,
foot — feet ,
tooth — teeth ,
mouse — mice ,
louse — lice ).
The change does not take place when there is a derived sense, as when
louse refers to a person (
you, louses ) or
mouse to a character (
We’ve hired three Mickey Mouses this month ).
3) A few nouns have the same form for both singular and plural, even though they are semantically
variable, allowing a difference between “one” and “more than one”. Only the context enables us
to know which meaning is intended (
sheep — sheep ,
deer — deer ,
salmon — salmon ,
aircraft — aircraft ,
offspring — offspring ,
series — series ,
species — species ).
4) Many nouns, borrowed from Latin or Greek, have kept the original plural (e.
g. alga — algae ,
larva — larvae ,
bacterium — bacteria ,
datum — data ,
phenomenon — phenomena ,
criterion — criteria ,
bacillus — bacilli ,
locus — loci ,
nucleus — nuclei ,
stimulus — stimuli ,
codex — codices ,
analysis — analyses ,
basis — bases ,
crisis — crises , etc). There are variations of usage with some
other Latin or Greek words, that is the original plural form vs Standard English one (e. g.
antenna — ae/-s ,
formula — ae/-s ,
aquarium — a/-s ,
maximum — a/-s ,
medium — a/-s ,
referendum — a/- s ,
forum — a/-s ,
focus — i/-es ,
fungus — i/es ,
cactus — i/es ,
syllabus — i/es ,
radius — i/ es ,
index — ices/-es ,
appendix — ices/-es ,
apex — ices/-es ,
vortex — ices/-es ,
matrix — ices/-es , etc).
Many English nouns do not show a contrast between singular and plural. They are
classified into several groups. Nouns with the descriptive plural. The plural form of such a noun
has a pronounced stylistic coloring due to the usage of the uncountable noun in the function of
the countable noun, e. g. the waters of the Atlantic; Arabia, the land of sands; “A Daughter of the
Snows” (J. London). The opposition “one — more than one” does not apply here. We could not
possibly say
three waters , or
five snows . The real difference in meaning between
water and
waters ,
or
snow and
snows is that the plural form serves to denote a landscape or seascape in order to
impress (a vast stretch of water; the ground covered by snow, etc). A peculiar stylistic value of
such forms is evident. Nouns with a fully lexicalized plural form. The plural form develops a
completely new meaning which the singular does not have at all, e. g.
colour —
colours (флаг),
custom —
customs (таможня).