uzoq m u dd a tli x o tira d a n
farqli o ' l a r o q , q i s q a
m u d d a tl i xotira b ir m a r t a j u d a q isqa vaqt o r a l i g 'i d a i d r o k
qilish va qayta tiklab, s o ‘ngra qisqa m uddatli e s d a o lib q o lish
bilan xarakterlanadi.
H o z irg i z a m o n ilmiy a d a b iy o t l a r id a q is q a m u d d a t l i
x o ti r a n i n g quyidagi: b ir la h z a lik , zudlik, d a s t l a b k i , q i s q a
m u d d a tli va b o sh q a a ta m a la ri m avjud.
Operativ xotira.
Inson bcvosita am alga o sh ira y o tg a n faol,
t e z k o r h arak atlar, u sullar u c h u n xizm at qilu v ch i j a r a y o n n i
a n g la tu v c h i m n e m i k holat o p e r a ti v xotira d e b a ta la d i.
Hozirgi z a m o n psixologiyasida ush b u h o l a tn i n a m o y i s h
qilish u c h u n u s h b u m isol keltiriladi: m a t e m a t i k a m a l n i
bajarish g a kirishar e k a n m i z , biz u n i m u a y y a n b o kla k la r g a
ajra tib hal qilishni m a q s a d q ilib q o ‘yam iz. S h u b o i s , o r a li q
natijalarini y o d d a saqlashga in tila m iz , oxiriga y a q i n l a s h g a n
sari ay rim m ate ria lla r e s d a n c h i q a boshlaydi.
M a z k u r holat m a tn n i o ‘q u v c h i o ‘qishida, u n i k o ‘c h i r i b
y o z is h id a , ijodiy fikr y u ritis h id a , aqliy fa o liy a tn i a m a l g a
o sh irish id a yaqqol k o ‘zga ta s h la n a d i.
M a z k u r fa o liy a td a x o t i r a n i n g o p e ra tiv b irlik la ri d e b
n o m l a n a d i g a n q i s m l a r h a j m i , k o l a m i u y o k i b u f a o -
liy a tn in g m uvaffaqiyatli y a k u n l a n i s h i g a t a ’sir k o 'r s a t a d i .
X o tira d a o m ilk o r, te z k o r birlik la rn i tark ib t o p i s h i d a a n a
s h u q is m la rn in g aniqlo v ch ilik a h a m iy a ti k a tta d ir. Q i s m n i n g
hajm i, k o ‘lam i, aniqligi, labilligi, ta k tik va s t r a t e g i k x u s u -
siyatga ega ekanligi m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a eg a ( m i s o l u c h u n ,
po c h ta qutisi).
R a m z iy m a 'n o d a y u q o r i d a m u l o h a z a y u r i t i lg a n x o t i r a
tu rlari quyidagi tarzda: o p e r a t i v — qisqa m u d d a t l i va u z o q
m u d d a t l i uzviy b o g l i q l i k k a egadir.
E sg a tushirish
E sg a tushirishga x o t i r a jara y o n i sifatida t a ' r i f berilg a n -
d a , u n i n g t a ’siri n a tija sid a u z o q m u d d a tli xo tira t iz im id a
a w a l m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n turli xususiyatli m a te r ia lia r va taas-
s u r o t l a r n i o p e ra tiv ( t e z k o r ) xotira jabhasiga k o ‘c h iris h n in g
faollashuvi na z a rd a tu t i lad i.
O l d i n o ‘z l a s h tirilg a n m a te r ia lla r n i n g x o t ir a d a q a y ta
tik la n is h i, y a ’ni x o tira d a t o ‘planib (yigkilib) qolg an izlarning
f a o ll a s h u v j a r a y o n i m u r a k k a b yoki yengil k e c h i s h i n i n g
d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n tavsiflanishi m u m k in : a) bizni q u rs h a b
t u r g a n narsa va h o d is a la r n i, h e c h ik k ila n m a s d a n „ a v to -
m a t i k " t a rz d a tan ish ; b) q ariyb u nutilish d arajasid a b o 'lg a n
n a r s a v a hodisalarni q iy in c h ilik va azob bilan eslash kabilar.
A n a s h u t a l q i n d a n k e lib c h i q q a n h o l d a esga tu s h iris h
j a r a y o n i n i n g ichki tu z ilishiga b i n o a n b ir n e c h ta turlarga
a jr a t is h m aq sa d g a m u v o fiq : ta n is h — bevosita shaxs yoki
n a r s a n i esga tu s h iris h (ix tiy o riy va ixtiyorsiz t a r z d a ) va
e sla sh (x o tira ixtiyoriy yoki ixtiyorsiz h o la td a ) . Bu a s n o d a
i n s o n n i n g t u r m u s h tarixi (h a y o tiy so ln o m a si), u n in g u n ir
d a v o m i d a g i ( o n t o g e n e t i k ) x o tira si va u n i e s la s h sh a x s
u c h u n a l o h i d a a h a m i y a t kasb etadi.
T a n i s h — b u k o g n i t i v n u q t a y i n a z a r d a n t e v a r a k -
a t r o f d a g i narsa va h o d is a la rn i inson t o m o n i d a n q a y t a idrok
qilish sh a r o itid a esga tu s h i r i s h d a n iborat xo tira jara y o n i.
T a n i s h m u a y y a n s h a x s n i n g h a y o ti va f a o li y a tid a k a tta
a h a m i y a t g a ega. Bu x o t ir a ja ra y o n in in g sharofati tufayli biz
k o 'r g a n , eshitg an n a r s a la r, hodisalar, voqeliklarni, in s o n -
lar b i l a n qayta d u c h k e l g a n im iz d a ularni y a n g id an , b o s h d a n
i d r o k q ilm a y m iz , balki ularn i qaysidir a lo m a tla ri, k o ‘ri-
n ish i, xususiyatlari va b o sh q a la r g a
asoslanib
tan iy m iz .
X u d d i s h u bois, te v a r a k - a tr o f d a g i o b y ek tlarn i (s u b y e k t-
l a r n i ) i d r o k qilish ta jrib a s i b ila n u zviy b o g l i q b o l g a n
t a n i s h ja ra y o n i a t r o f - m u h i td a g i voqelik (realiya) b o ‘yicha
t o ‘g ‘ri moMjal ( o r iy e n tir ) olishga im k o n y aratadi. T a n ish
o ‘z i n i n g a n i q l i g i , k o l a m i , y o r q i n l i g i x u s u s i y a t l a r i va
d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n h a r x i l ko'r in ish larg a ega. P sixologiyada
250
t a n i s h ja r a y o n sifatida h a m ixtiyorsiz, h a m ix tiy o riy t a r z d a
n a m o y o n b o 'lishi m u m k in .
T a d q iq o t natijalariga k o 'r a , ta n is h t o 'l i q , y o r q i n , a n i q
a m a lg a o sh g a n b o 'l s a , u h o l d a b i r d a q iq a li ixtiyorsiz aqliy
h a ra k a t tarz id a k e c h a d i yoki y u z a g a keladi. Bu j a r a y o n d a
h e c h q a n d a y jis m o n i y , asabiy, aqliy z o ‘riq ish siz, o ' z i m i z
p a y q a m a g a n h o l d a a v v a l i d r o k q i l g a n j i s m l a r y o k i
sub y ek tlarn i te z ta n iy m iz . C h u n k i , i n s o n n in g f'avqulodda
tajribasi, h ayotiy tajribasi, faoliyati bilan ixtiy o rsiz t a n i s h
j a r a y o n i n i n g t u r i q o ‘s h i l i s h i b k e t a d i . M a b o d o t a n i s h
j a r a y o n i o 'z in i n g k o 'l a m i b ila n n o t o ‘liq b o l s a , u a l b a t t a
n o a n i q xususiyat kasb c tadi. A g a rd a b ir o r o d a m n i k o ‘r-
g a n d a „ t a n i s h l i k h iss i“ u y g ‘o n s a , u n i o l d i n ( a v v a l d a n )
bilg an k ishim izga o ‘xshashligi b o ‘y ic h a s h u b h a l a n i s h i m i z
m um kin.
S h u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r h a m u ch ra y d ik i, u n d a biz b i r o r
i n s o n n i t a n i s a k - d a , b i ro q q a y t a rz d a , q a n d a y v a z iy a t d a
u n i u c h r a tg a n i m iz n i xotirlay o lm a y m iz . B u n d a y h o ld ag i
n o t o l i q yoki y e ta r li d a r a j a d a t o ‘liq b o ‘l m a g a n t a n i s h
j a r a y o n i o ‘ziga xos m u r a k k a b ixtiyoriylik x u s u s iy a tla rin i
kasb etad i. O b y e k tn i (su b y e k tn i) idrok q ilish g a a s o s la n g a n
h o l d a u n i a n iq tan ish u c h u n b iz turli v a z iy a tla rn i e slash g a
h a r a k a t qilam iz. B u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r t a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i
esga tushirishga k o ‘c h g a n d a y t a s a w u r u y g ‘o ta d i.
Esga tushirish j a r a y o n i t a n i s h d a n farqli o 'l a r o q , m o ‘l-
j a ll a n g a n oby ek tn i (su b y e k tn i) q a y ta d a n i d r o k q i l m a s d a n
eslash orqali bevosita a m a l g a oshiriladi.
F avquloddagi d a q i q a la rd a r o ‘yobga c h i q a r ila y o tg a n fao-
liyatning m a z m u n i esga t u s h iris h n i aks e t t i r s a - d a , u s h b u
faoliyat m axsus t a rz d a u n i esga tu s h irish g a y o ‘n a l m a g a n
b o 'l a d i . B u n d a y k o 'r i n i s h d a g i esga t u s h i r i s h i x t iy o r s iz
d e y ils a -d a , u b i r o r - b ir tas h q i yoki ichki tu rtk is iz , o ‘z i d a n -
o lzi y u z a g a kelm aydi. Ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h u r i s h n i n g turtkisi
— b u p r e d m e t n i ( s u b y e k t n i ) i d r o k q i l i s h , t a s a w u r
o b ra z la rin i yaratish , fik rla r n in g t u g ‘ilish j a r a y o n i h is o b -
l a n i b , u la r n i m u a y y a n t a s h q i t a ’sirlar ( o m i l l a r ) k e ltirib
c h iq arad i.
T a s o d i f i y h o l a t la r d a o b y e k tla r n i (su b y e k tlarn i) idrok
qilish y u z a g a k e itirg a n ixtiyorsiz esga tu sh irish b e ta r tib
(x a o ti k ) b o 'l m a s d a n , balki m u a y y a n narsalarga y o ‘nalish
x u su s iy a tig a egadir.
F i k r v a o b r a z l a m i esga t u s h i r i s h n i n g m a z m u n i va
y o ' n a l i s h i n i , avvalgi t a j r i b a l a r n i t o ' p l a n g a n b i l i m l a r —
a s s o t s ia t s i y a l a r b elgilaydi. G o h o in so n t o m o n i d a n esga
t u s h i r i s h t u r t k i l a r i s e z il m a s l i g i s a b a b li u s h b u j a r a y o n
o ‘z i d a n - o ‘zi vujudga k e lg a n d a y tuyuladi.
I x t i y o r s i z e s g a t u s h i r i s h y o ‘n a l g a n , t a s h k i l l a s h g a n
b o ‘lishi u c h u n o b y e k t l a r n i ( s u b y e k tla r n i) id ro k qilish n i
t a s o d i f i y t u r t k i e m a s , b a lk i m a z k u r d a q i q a l a r d a sh a x s
t o m o n i d a n a m a l g a o s h i r i l a y o t g a n m u a y y a n f a o l i y a t
m a z m u n i keltirib c h i q a r a d i . M a s a la n , o ‘qilgan k ito b n in g
m a z m u n i t a ’sirida k ishida u n in g tajribalarini ixtiyorsiz esga
t u s h i r i s h n i n g y o ‘nalganligi va tashkillashtirilganligi ortadi.
M a z k u r m u l o h a z a la r d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o ld a ixtiyorsiz esga
t u s h i r i s h n i ix tiy o rsiz e s d a o lib q o lis h j a r a y o n i s if a t i d a
b o s h q a r i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o f i q . A g a r d a o l i y m a k t a b
o 'q i t u v c h i s i m a ’ruzani m a n tiq li, m a 'n o l i, tartibli, tizimli
a m a l g a o sh irsa , m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a talab a la rd a oldingi tajriba
m a h s u ll a r in i ta s hkilla shtirish uqu v i ortadi. O d a t d a in so n
o ‘z o ld ig a q o ‘ygan m a q s a d d a n kelib c h iq a d ig a n ixtiyoriy
esga tu s h iris h n i re p ro d u k tiv topshiriq yoki m u a m m o yuzaga
k eltirad i. M a b o d o o kzlashtirilgan m a te r ia ll a r x o t ir a d a p u x ta
m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a ularn i esga tu sh iris h
yengil k e c h a d i. B a 'z a n m a te ria lia rn i h a r q a n d a y v az iya tda,
turli y o s h d a g i in s o n la r t o m o n i d a n eslash im k o n i vujudga
k e l m a s a , u t a q d i r d a q iy i n c h ili k n i o s o n , yengil y e n g ish
m a q s a d i d a faol q id iru v faoliyatini a m alg a osh irish za rur.
B u n d a y y o 'sin d a g i esga tushirish eslash jara y o n i d e b ataladi.
E slash ixtiyoriy e sd a olib qolishga o ‘xshab m u r a k k a b
aqliy h a ra k a t xususiyatiga ega bo lishi m um kin. K a sb-koridan
q a t ’i n a z a r, h a r q a n d a y shaxs oby ek t va subyektlarni o q ilo n a
eslash k o ‘n ik m asin i ega lla shga intilishi (o d a tla n ish i) lozim .
M a ’l u m k i , i n s o n n i n g o ‘z b i l im l a r i d a n f o y d a l a n i s h n i n g
tayyorgarlik darajasi va mahsuldorligi unga bevosita bog liq d ir.
252
T a jrib a la rn in g k o ‘rsatishiga q a ra g a n d a , p u x ta , m u s t a h k a m
e s d a olib qolish j a r a y o n i m u v affaqiyatli e sg a tu s h ir i s h n i
t a ’m inlaydi.
S h u n i ta 'k i d l a s h jo iz k i, eslash n in g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p
j i h a t d a n r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h i r i q n i n g m a z m u n i n e c h o g i i q
a n iq , y o rq in , a n i q l a n g a n boMishiga b o g l i q . M a b o d o eslash
j a r a y o n i d a q i y i n c h i l i k l a r v u j u d g a k e l s a , u t a q d i r d a
r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h ir i q m o h i y a t i d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o l d a
f ik r la s h , x o t i r l a s h k c n g k o l a m d a g i b i l i m l a r d a n t o r r o q
t i z i m l i b i l i m l a r sari y o 'n a l t i r i l i s h i j o i z . B u n i n g u c h u n
d a s t a v v a l n i m a n i e s g a t u s h i r i s h a n i q l a n g a n d a n k e y i n
a s s o t s i a t s i y a i a r n i f a o l l a s h t i r i s h n i a q s a d i d a s o l i s h t i r i s h ,
q i y o s l a s h , f a r q l a s h , o 'x s h a t i s h , a q l i y o p e r a t s i y a l a r d a n
f o y d a la n i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o fiq . E slash x o t i r a n i n g esga
tu sh irish ja ra y o n i singari ta n l a s h yoki sa ra la sh x u s u siy a tig a
ega. Inson n u tq id a a n i q m u ja s s a m la s h g a n v a a n g l a n i lg a n
re p ro d u k tiv to p s h iriq (vazifa, m asala , m u a m m o ) e s l a s h
n in g keyingi aqliy h a r a k a tg a yo'n a ltirilg an lig i tu fa y li x o tira
m a h s u i i n i n g e n g m u h i m i n i a jra tib y o k i t a n l a b o l i s h g a
y o r d a m beradi.
E s l a s h n i n g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p j i h a t d a n u n i a m a l g a
o s h iris h d a aqliy usul va v o sita la rd a n q a n d a y f o y d a la n i s h g a
b o g ’liq. X o tira n in g m u h i m vositalari q a to r i g a q u y id a g ila r
kiradi: m ateria lla rn i ( k o i a m i va h ajm iga b i n o a n ) e s la s h n in g
r e j a s i n i t u z i s h ; o b y e k t v a s u b y e k t m o h i y a t i h a m d a
xususiyatiga m u ta n o s ib o b ra z la rn i (tim so llarn i) k o ‘z o ‘ngiga
keltirish; bilvosita assotsiatsiyaiarni p a y d o qiluvchi m a q s a d g a
y o ‘n altirilgan ichki va tash q i turtki ( m o tiv )la rn i q o ‘z g ‘atish
va boshqarish.
E s l a s h n i n g m u v a f f a q i y a t l i k e c h i s h i k o ‘p j i h a t d a n
r e p r o d u k t i v t o p s h i r i q n i b a j a r i s h n i n g q a n c h a l i k a s o s -
lan g an lig ig ajid d iy b o g ‘liq. M u a m m o n i n g a s o s la n g a n lig i u n i
shaxs t o m o n i d a n an g lash sari yetaklaydi.
Eslash j a r a y o n i o ‘t m i s h ta a s s u r o tl a r i n i o d d i y t a r z d a
esga t u s h iris h g in a e m a s , balki u oldingi b i l im l a r n i n g y a n g i-
lari bilan a lo q a g a kirishuvi, y a n g ic h a ta rtib g a k eltirilishi,
c h u q u r r o q an g la n ish d arajasiga o ‘sib o ‘tishi h a m d i r .
S h u n i t a ’kidlash lo z im k i, sh a x s d a eslash j a r a y o n i d a
i s h o n c h hissining u y g ‘o n is h i esga tu sh irish g a k a t ta t a ’sir
k o ‘rs a ta d i.
X o t i r o t (e s d alik la rn in g shaxsiy m a jm u a si) — b u sh ax s-
n i n g o ‘tm is h d a g i o b ra z la r, vo q elik lar va ta a s su ro tla rin in g
f a z o v iy l a s h u v i h a m d a v a q t ( d a v r) j i h a t d a n a n i q ifo d a -
la n ilis h ig a asoslanib esga tu shirishdir. X o tirla sh d a n a fa q a t
o ‘t m i s h oby ek tlari va subyektlari esga tushiriladi, balki u lar
m u a y y a n v aq t va fa zo j i h a t d a n m u v ofiqlashtirila di, y a ’ni
u l a r n i q a c h o n , q a y e rd a , q a n d a y s h a r o itd a kechganligi esga
tu s h i r ila d i. Bu m a h s u lla rn in g n atijasida u lar t u r m u s h n i n g
m u a y y a n davri bilan b o g l a n a d i , u la rn in g davriy kechishi
i n s o n l a r t o m o n i d a n a n g la b yctiladi.
H a r b i r i n s o n n i n g s h ax siy t u r m u s h tarixi u y a s h a -
y o t g a n j a m i y a t n i n g ijtim oiy voqeliklari bilan c h a m b a r c h a s
b o g ‘liq. B o rliqning, ijtim oiy h a y o tn in g hodisalari, holatlari,
v o q e l i k l a r i , o b y e k t i v h a m d a s u b y e k t i v x u s u s i y a t l a r i ,
k e c h i n m a l a r i , sh ax sn in g m u a y y a n esdaliklari m a 'l u m vaqt
( d a v r , m u d d a t ) b i l a n c h e k l a n g a n l i k va q u r s h a b o l i n -
g a n l i k n i n g t a y a n c h negizi sifatida xizm at qiladi. J u m l a d a n ,
i n s o n b i r o r narsa, s a n a va voqelikni cslaganida, u m a z k u r
h o d is a m ustaqillik b ayram i arafasida, y a ’ni XX a sm in g oxirgi
o ‘n yillig id a s o d i r e t i lg a n l ig in i t a ’kidlaydi.
S h u n i n g d e k , xotiro t (esdalik) m u r a k k a b aqliy faoliyat,
j a r a y o n b i la n a lo q a d a b o 'lib , esga tush irish v o q e liklarni,
u l a r n i n g k e tm a - k e t li g i n i , o ‘za ro sababiy bogMiqligini a n g -
lash ( t u s h u n i s h ) n i n g za ru ra ti h isoblanadi. S h u n in g u c h u n
i n s o n e sd a lik (x o tirot)larining m a z m u n i , m ohiyati, m a ’nosi
o ‘z g a r m a y qolishi aslo m u m k i n em as . C h u n k i, xotiro t qotib
q o l g a n k o g n itiv ta rk ib e m a s , balki d i n a m i k
xususiyatli
x o t i r a j a r a y o n i d i r . S h a x s y o ‘n a!is h i e v o l u t s i o n ( t a b i i y
r a v i s h d a , a s t a - s e k i n o kz g a rib b o r u v c h a n l i k ) t a m o y i l g a
a s o sla n g a n lig i tufayli u q a y t a fïkr yuritishga, m a ’n o n i fikran
q a y t a q u r is h g a moyil.
S h a x s n in g xotiroti (esdaliklari) u n i n g shaxsiy h a y o ti,
s a r g u z a s h tla r i bilan alo q ad o rlig i sababli u d o im o u la r bilan
b i r q a t o r d a r a n g - b a r a n g e m o t s i o n a l h o la tla r, m u r a k k a b
ic h k i k e c h i n m a l a r h a m o h a n g l ig i d a kechadi.
Unutish va esda saqlash
U n u t i s h x o t i r a j a r a y o n i sifatida t a 'r i f g a c g a b o klib,
o 'z in in g vujudga kelish xususiyatiga b o g lliq h o ld a o lta c h u q u r
va y uzaki k o 'r in is h la rg a ega. S h u bois, u n u t i l g a n o b r a z -
l a r n in g y oki f i k r l a r n i n g fa o lla sh u v i u y o k i b u d a r a j a d a
q i y i n c h i l i k l a r g a u c h r a s h i , h a t t o a m a l g a o s h m a y d i g a n
voqclik k a aylanishi m u m k in . S haxsning fa o liy a tid a x o tira d a
t o ‘p l a n g a n m a t e r ia ll a r ( t u r l i c h a b o 'l i s h i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r )
a m a li y o t d a k a m r o q q o 'l l a n il s a (fo ydalanilsa), o r t i q c h a y u k
xususiyatini kasb etsa u n u t i s h t o b o r a c h u q u r l a s h i b b o ra d i.
B u n in g n atijasida u n i n g faol h ay o tiy m a q s a d g a c ris h is h
y o l i d a g i a h a m iy a ti pasayadi. A n i m o b i r o r - b i r m a t e r ia ln i
eslash c h o g ‘ida q iy in c h ilik , s u n ’iy t o ‘siq y iiz a g a kelsa, uni
m u t la q o y o 'q q a c h iq a r ish k erak em as , c h u n k i b u h o d is a
u n i b a t a m o m shaxs x o tirasid an ch iq ib kctishini b ild ir m a y d i.
O d a t d a m a te r ia lla r (o b y e k tla r, s u b y e k tla r) n in g a n i q , y a q -
q o l , m a v j u d t o m o n l a r i n i n g s h a k li u n u t i l a d i , b u n d a n
ta s h q a r i, u n i n g h u k m surishi, b a r q a r o r a h a m i y a t l i m a z -
m u n i e s a u n g a o ‘x s h a sh ( m u t a n o s i b ) b i l i m l a r v a x u lq -
a t v o r h a ra k a tla rin in g shakliy birliklari bilan q o lsh ilib ketadi.
O q ib a t n atijad a x u l q - a t v o r n i n g m a z k u r s h a k l l a r i d a t a a s -
s u ro tla r integral ( u m u m l a s h m a , yig‘iq) t a r z d a e s g a tu s h ish i
m u m k i n . l.P .P a v l o v n i n g t a 'k i d l a s h i c h a , s o 'n i b b o r a y o tg a n
reflekslar o ‘zlarini tiklashi u c h u n d astlabki p a y d o b o 'l i s h
d avriga q a r a g a n d a ta k ro r la s h m iq d o rin i k a m r o q t a l a b e tadi.
B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, s o ‘n ib b o r a y o tg a n re fle k s la r m u a y y a n
sh a r o it yoki v aziyatga to r m o z l a n is h , t o ‘x ta lis h g a u c h r a s h i
m u m k i n . Bu v o qelik a l la q a c h o n u n u t i lg a n , d e b t a s a w u r
q ilin g a n ta a s s u r o tla rn in g fa v q u lo d d a a y r im o m i l l a r n i esga
tu sh irish holati bilan izo h lan a d i. M asa la n , o g lir b e t o b b o ‘lib
y o t g a n o d a m q a c h o n l a r d i r o ‘rg a n g a n s h e ’rini t a s o d if a n
y o d d a n a y ta d i, v a h o l a n k i , u n d a n u z o q y i l l a r d a v o m i d a
fo y d a la n m a g a n i u c h u n u u n i b a t a m o m u n u t g a n , d e b o ly-
lashi m u m k in .
X otira j a r a y o n i h iso b la n m is h
u n u t i s h — b u o ‘ziga
xos, ra n g -b a ra n g , i z o h ta l a b ru h iy k o g n itiv h o d i s a d i r .
S h a x s faoliyatiga singib k etg a n m a 'l u m o t l a r (obyektlar,
s u b y e k t l a r ) u n in g u c h u n m u a y y a n a h a m iy a t kasb etganligi
tufayli b u l a r m u t l a q o u n u t i b y u b o r i lm a y d i. Inson faoliyatiga
s in g ib k e tg a n m a te r ia lla r u n in g ehtiyojlari bilan bevosita
a l o q a g a kirishganligi sababli, u l a r u n u tish bilan ku ra sh ish
j a r a y o n i n i n g is h onchli vositasi h isoblanadi. B uning y o rq in
ifodasi, e s d a s a q la s h n in g m u h i m o m ili yoki usuli — bu
t a k r o r l a s h aqliy harakatidir.
S a lb iy in duksiya hodisasi h a ra k a ti bilan uy g ‘u n la s h u v
b e q a r o r , sh u n in g d c k , m u v a q q a t (v a q tin c h a ) u n u tis h j a r a -
y o n i n i keltirib c h iq arad i.
O l i y t a 'l i m j a r a y o n i d a o 'z la s h tir i s h d a n o ta n is h , b e g o n a
( y o t ) q o ‘z g ‘a t u v c h i l a r y a n g i m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a )
bo g M an ish larn in g vujudga kelishiga t o ‘sqinlik qiladi, b u n in g
o q i b a t i d a e sd a olib q o lish n in g sam aradorligi (m ahsuldorligi)
p a s a y a d i . O l d i n g i ( o ‘t m i s h d a g i ) b a r q a r o r l a s h g a n
b o g 'l a n i s h l a r (a lo q a la r)n in g izlarini y o 'q o tis h g a y o ‘n algan
t o ‘s i q l a r s o ‘zsiz u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i n i k e ltirib c h i q a r a d i .
M o d o m i k i , s h u n d a y e k a n , u n u t i s h n e rv f a o li y a t i n i n g
p r o a k t i v v a r e tr o a k t iv t o r m o z l a n i s h i ( t o 'x t a l i s h i ) b i l a n
a l o q a d a b o l i s h i g a s h u b h a y o ‘q. M a i u m o t l a r g a q a r a g a n d a ,
o ld in g i yoki keyingi faoliyat hozirgi faoliyatning m a z m u n i g a
o ' x s h a s h y o k i u n d a n m u r a k k a b r o q b o ‘l s a , a l b a t t a
t o r m o z l a n i s h (to 'x ta lis h ) h olati vujudga keladi.
Y u q o r id a g i psixologik va fizilogtk om illarga a s o sla n g a n
h o l d a s h u n d a y xulosaga kelish m u m k in : b irin c h id a n , bir
m a v z u d a n b o s h q a b ir m avzuga o ‘tish c h o g l d a b iro z t o lxta-
lish q i l i s h tu fa y li a s a b iy t a r a n g l a s h u v , j i d d i y l i k , a q liy
z o ' r i q i s h k a m a y a d i; i k k i n c h i d a n , a u d i t o r i y a d a n ta sh q a r i
m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a m u staq il bilim o lish d a tu r d o s h , j i n s d o s h ,
o 'x s h a s h fa n la r y u z a s id a n e m a s , balki o ‘z a ro bir-b iri bilan
kcskin tafovu tlan u v c h i sohalar b o ‘yicha tayyorgarlik ishlarini
y o ‘Iga q o ‘yish d ark o r.
M a M u m o tla rg a q a r a g a n d a , p ro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r
m o z l a n i s h b i r fa o liy a t d o i r a s i d a , c h u n o n c h i , m u a y y a n
o ‘q u v m a te r ia lin i o 'r g a n i s h (ta n is h is h ), texnik c h i z m a l a r
u s t i d a is h la sh , lo y ih a la rn i tahlil qilish kabi j a r a y o n l a r d a
256
h a m y u z a g a k e lis h i m u m k i n . M a ’l u m k i , m a t e r i a l n i n g
o krtasini e s d a o lib q olish u n in g b o s h i y o k i oxirin i o ‘z-
l a s h t ir i s h d a n q i y i n r o q , m u r a k k a b r o q k e c h a d i . M a te r ia l
h a jm in in g k o 'p lig i, kattaligi, s h u n i n g d e k , u n i n g o ‘rtasini
e sda olib q o lish g a pro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r m o z l a n i s h salbiy
t a ’sir k o ‘rsatadi. X u d d i s h u bois, m a t e r ia l o ‘rtasini esda
olib qolish u c h u n u n i bir n e c h a m a r t a t a k r o r la s h g a t o ‘g “ri
keladi. S h u n i n g u c h u n bir tekis, a s t a - s e k i n s u r ’atg a am al
yoki rioya qilish y u q o ri s a m a r a b e ra d i; d i q q a t n i m avzuga
yoki faoliyat o b y e k tig a p u x ta t o ‘p la sh ( m a r k a z la s h tiris h ,
k o n se n tra tsiy a ), irodaviy aktn i u n g a y o ‘n a !tirish natijasida
q o ‘zg 'o v c h ila r, t u r t k i la r m iy a d a m u s t a h k a m l a n a d i .
M u v a q q a t , v a q t i n c h a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i m i y a p o ‘sti
hu jay ra larin in g z o ‘riqishi, ta ra n g la s h u v i o q i b a t i d a h a m d a
t a s h q i , i k k i n c h i d a r a ja li t o r m o z l a n i s h t a ’s i r i d a v u ju d g a
kelishi kuzatiladi. Bu voqelik t a n a a ’z o la r i , asab faoliyati
tizimi to liq q a n h o la tid a esda olib q o lis h n in g keskin pasayishi
b ila n i z o h l a n a d i. A s a b tizim i, h u j a y r a l a r n i n g m e 'y o r id a
ishlashining tik la n ish i orqali u n u tilg a n n a r s a l a r , su b y ek tlar
t o ‘g krisidagi m a ’lu m o tl a r a sta - se k in e s g a t u s h a boshlaydi.
Salbiy in d u k s iy a va tashqi t o r m o z l a n i s h orq a li kelib
c h iq a d ig a n v aq t o ‘tishi h a m d a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i re m in is-
sensiya h odisasi b ila n aloqaga ega. E s d a o lib q o lish n in g
dastlabki d a q iq a la rig a q a ra g a n d a , m u a y y a n v a q t o ‘t g a n d a n
keyin esga tu sh irish t o ‘iaroq aks e t a r e k a n . K a tt a hajm dagi
m ateria lla rn i e s d a olib qolish p a y tid a h a m s h u n g a o ‘xshash
ru h iy ho d isa v u ju d g a keladi. T a j r i b a la r n i n g k o ‘rsatishicha,
r e m i n i s s e n s i y a h o d i s a s i v o y a g a y e t g a n l a r g a q a r a g a n d a ,
b o la la rd a k o ‘p ro q u ch ray d i. K is h in in g k eksa yishi davrida
sal-pal eslash, esga tushirish y a n a d a k u c h a y a d i . In s o n n in g
b a r c h a faoliyati t u rla rid a ( t a ’lim , m e h n a t ) , m u o m a l a s id a ,
x u lq -a tv o rin i h a m hisobga olish jo iz.
M a ’l u m o t l a r (m a te ria lla r)n i esga t u s h i r i s h d a g i qiyin-
ch ilik la r u la rn i eslash u c h u n o ‘ta k u c h li x o h i s h n i n g yuzaga
k e l i s h i t u f a y l i n a m o y o n b o ‘l a d i h a m d a f a v q u l o d d a
t o rm o z la n ish n i c h a q ira d i. V aqt o ‘tishi b i l a n in so n n ig bosh q a
n ars alar ( o b y e k tla r, su byektlar) b il a n c h a l g ‘ishi t o r m o z -
17 Psixologiya
257
lan ish n i p a s a y ti r a d i, n atijada n i m a n i eslash z a ru r b o l s a ,
u d a r ro v e s g a tu sh ad i.
S h u b o i s , esga tushirish i m k o n iy a tin i n g y o ‘qligi, h a t t o
bu b o r a d a t a n i s h ja ra y o n i h a m o ‘z xususiyatlari bilan t o ‘la
u n u t i s h n i n g k o krsatkichi b o ‘lib h iso b lan m ay d i. Eng asosiysi,
oliy t a ’lim t i z i m i d a m u v a q q a t ( v a q ti n c h a ) u n u tish bilan
s a l-p a l h a m d a u z o q m u d d a tli u n u t i s h tu rlarin i farqlash
jo iz , c h u n k i , u n i n g oxirgisi t a k ro r la s h y o r d a m i bilan b a r -
t a r a f q i l i n i s h i m u m k i n . B a ’zi h o l l a r d a t a l a b a b i l im i n i
b a h o l a s h k e z id a g i a n g la sh ilm o v c h ilik n in g vujudga kelishi
m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a ) u n u t i s h s h a r o i t i va x u s u s iy a tin i
hisobga o l m a y , u z o q m u d d atli u n u t i s h sifatida q a r o r q abul
q ilis h n in g o q i b a tid ir .
M u v a q q a t a s a b t i z i m i a l o q a l a r i n i n g u z o q m u d d a t
s a q l a n i s h i u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i k , b a r q a r o r l i k d a r a ja s i
u c h u n m u h i m a h a m i y a t kasb e ta d i. M u v a q q a t a lo q a la r
k a m r o q m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n bo'lsa, pu x talik y etishm asa, u lar
te z d a s o kn a d i v a a k sin ch a . S h u n in g u c h u n , h a r q a n d a y
m aterialni a w a l b o s h d a n puxta o kzgartirib olish lozim. Agarda
m a te r ia l p u x t a m u s ta h k a m l a n s a , s h u n c h a u z o q r o q esda
s a q l a n a d i v a k a m r o q u n u tila d i. S h u n i t a ’kidlash jo iz k i,
e g a l l a n a y o t g a n m a t e r i a l g a n i s b a t a n s h a x s d a m o y i ll i k ,
q i z iq i s h , m o t i v a t s i y a m av ju d b o ‘lsa, u n i u z o q r o q e s d a
sa q lash g a z a m i n hozirlanadi.
U n u t i s h j a r a y o n i vaqt bilan o ‘lc h a n a d i va m u a y y a n
s u r ’a t t a q o z o s i b i l a n r o ky o b g a c h i q a d i . E b b i n g a u z n i n g
k o kr s a ti s h i c h a , m a te r ia ln i o 'z la s h ti r i s h n i n g dastlabki d a -
q iq a l a r id a u n u t i s h ja d a l kechadi, m u a y y a n vaqt o kt g a n d a n
keyin e sa u n i n g s u r 'a t i pasayadi.
U n u t i s h m a t e r i a l n i n g m a z m u n i g a , y a n g ilig ig a , t u -
s h u n i s h n i n g o g ki r y oki y en g illig ig a , kasb iy va i jtim o iy
a h a m i y a t k a s b etish ig a b o g ‘liq. S h u s a b a b d a n , shaxs t o m o -
n id a n a n g l a n i l g a n m aterial a s ta - s e k in , past s u r 'a t d a u n u
tiladi.
S h u n g a q a r a m a s d a n , n i s b a t a n i n s o n t o m o n i d a n
a n g l a n i l g a n m a t e r i a l d astlab t e z s u r ’a t l a r bilan u n u t i l a
b o s h la y d i, k e y i n c h a lik esa u n in g k ec h ish i b iro z pasayadi.
M a s h q q i l i s h , t a k r o r la s h , t u r g ‘u n , b a r q a r o r q i z iq i s h n i
s h a k l l a n t i r i s h m u m k i n q a d a r u n u t i s h s u r 'a t i n i p a s a y ti -
radi.
E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r t - s h a r o i t l a r i x o t i r a o 't k i r l i g i ,
m ahsuldorligi, sam aradorligi u c h u n m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a ega.
U n u ti s h v a q t ( z a m o n ) fu n k siy a sig in a b o ‘lib q o l m a s d a n ,
balki u n d a e s d a olib qolish, esga tu s h ir i s h singari t a n la s h
(saralash) xususiyati mavjud. 0 ‘z m o h i y a t i bilan sh a x sn in g
e h tiy o jla rig a , q iziq is h la rig a , fa o liy a t m a q s a d i g a b o g ‘liq,
m u t a n o s i b , m u h i m a h a m iy a tl i m a t e r i a l s e k in s u r ’a t d a
u n u tila d i. I n s o n u c h u n hayotiy, ijtim o iy , kasbiy a h a m iy a tli
b ir q a t o r v o q elik lar, m ateria lla r, m a ’l u m o t l a r aslo u n u t i l -
maydi.
O d a td a shaxsning faoliyatda ishtirok etish darajasiga q arab
m a te r ia ln in g e s d a saqlanishi a n iq l a n a d i. Ilm iy ta d q iq o tla rd a
u n u tish
0
‘z la shtirilgan m a te r ia ln in g h a j m i g a b o g l i q e k a n -
ligi t a 'k i d l a n a d i. M u ay y a n v aq t o ' t g a n d a n keyin
0
‘zla sh ti-
rilgan, o ‘r g a n il g a n m a t e r ia ln i e s d a s a q l a s h foizi u n i n g
h a jm ig a t e s k a r i p r o p o r sio n a l m u n o s a b a t d a b o ‘lishi t a s -
diqlangan.
A g a rd a b i r xil sh aroitda ( v a z iy a td a ) berilg a n m a te r ia lla r
h a m sifat, h a m m i q d o r ji h a td a n o ‘x s h a s h b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a
esda olib q o lish ja ra y o n id a u la r n i h is o b g a olish o 'z l a s h t i -
rish s a m a r a d o rlig in i oshiradi. M a s a l a n , s u h a n d o n (d ik to r)
b i r bet s t a n d a r t m a t n n i o ‘q ish u c h u n ikki d a q i q a v a q t
sarflasa, x u d d i s h u h a jm d a g i m a t e r i a l n i o ‘q is h , u q i s h ,
tu s h u n i s h , a n g l a b yetisli u c h u n t a l a b a u c h - t o ‘rt b a r a v a r
vaqt ajratadi. B u n d a shaxsning individual xususiyatlari, xotira
t i p l a r i , u q u v c h a n l i k qobiliy a ti, n o y o b xislatini h i so b g a
olish joiz.
Esda saq lash ja ra y o n id a m a t e r i a l n i n g hajm i b irla m c h i
em a s , balki lin in g sifati u stu v o r a h a m i y a t kasb etadi.
E s d a s a q l a s h d a y a x litlik , a l o h i d a l i k m u h i m o ‘ri n
eg a lla y d i, c h u n k i m a z k u r j a r a y o n d a m a t n ( m a v z u ) d a g i
asosiy h o la tla r , q o n u n iy a tla r, n a z a r i y a l a r , qiyosiy tah lilla r,
y o rq in ifo d ala r, jo n li nutq m a h s u l l a r i o ‘z izini q o ld ira d i.
Esda s a q l a s h d a keyingi o ‘rin b a ’zi b i r fikriy birliklarga,
h a tt o m a t n m a z m u n i g a u n d a n h a m k u ch li e ' t i b o r beriladi.
E sd a s a q l a s h n i n g
m u h i m x u s u s i y a t l a r i d a n biri — bu
m ateria ln i u m u m l a s h g a n darajasi b ila n b e v o sita b o g 'liq -
ligidir. J a m i u m u m i y l i k d a n m a z m u n i y - n a z a r i y y o 'n a lis h g a
va u n d a n y a k k a a lo h id a lik k a fikran o ‘tish e s d a saqlashning
o q ilo n a aqliy v o sitas i b o ‘lib hisoblanadi.
U m u m l a s h m a l a r n i u m u m la s h tiris h ,
m a v h u m h o la t-
larni m a v h u m l a s h t i r i s h n i n g fikriy h a ra k a tla rig a asoslangan
m a t e r ia ll a r e s d a s a q l a s h n i n g e n g q u l a y s h a r t- s h a r o it l a r i
boMib h i s o b l a n a d i . E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r o i t l a r i g a : a)
m a 'l u m o t la r n i n g a m a liy o tg a tatbiq etiluvchanligi; b) oqilona
a q l i y u s u l l a r y o r d a m i b ila n o l d i n g i b i l i m l a r n i n g o ‘z -
lashtirilganligi; d ) u l a r n i n g vaqti-v a q ti b ila n c h u q u r la s h -
tirib borilishi; e ) m ateria lla rn i ey d e tik o b ra z la r, t a s a w u r l a r
bilan b o y itish k a b i l a r kiradi.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |