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CHAPTER III. USING COMPOUNDS
3.1.Advanced Fixed compounds
A fixed expression is a combination of words which express an idea. It has taken on more meaning that the individual words while still maintaining a lexical connection. It is frequently used in certain circumstances to express a specific idea.
Examples include:
My sister asked me to keep an eye on her kids while she was working late. (to watch / look after).
It came as no surprise when Lawrence got the job. (it was expected / not surprising).
It is only a matter of time until that bridge collapses. (it will happen at some point in the future).
If she doesn’t start training, she won’t stand a chance of winning the race. (has no possibility).
As their name suggests, fixed expressions are fixed. This means the order and combination of words cannot be changed. The only flexibility in fixed expressions is a pronoun change (e.g. She made up her mind becomes I made up my mind) or a tense change (e.g. There is no point in arriving late becomes There was no point in arriving late).Fixed expressions are a huge part of the Cambridge Advanced exam, coming into play far more frequently than in lower levels. The difficulty with CAE fixed expressions is that learners will often recognise them and understand them when seen in context. However, making them part of of their active vocabulary is a much greater challenge. For the CAE it is essential that your students know fixed expressions because they can and will come up in the open cloze and key-word transformations . So let’s take a close look at what a CAE fixed expressions would be and how we can teach them categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse.My preferred method of using these materials is by doing a dictogloss (procedure indicated below). However, they could also be used as is or adapted in other ways. I suggest using these materials after you are sure that your students are familiar with the vast majority of the fixed expressions listed. There are a lot of CAE fixed expressions here which were found by searching through CAE exams and materials. Despite that, there are sure to be fixed expressions which appear in future exams which are not here, so don’t rely solely on this list. If you are worried about the number of fixed expressions on this worksheet, I recommend cutting off the lower half of the page and focusing only on the fixed expressions that appear in the text. An exocentric compound (bahuvrihi in the Sanskrit tradition) is a hyponym of some unexpressed semantic category (such as a person, plant, or animal): none (neither) of its components can be perceived as a formal head, and its meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. For example, the English compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing. In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents. For example, a must-have is not a verb but a noun. The meaning of this type of compound can be glossed as "(one) whose B is A", where B is the second element of the compound and A the first. A bahuvrihi compound is one whose nature is expressed by neither of the words: thus a white-collar person is neither white nor a collar (the collar's colour is a metonym for socioeconomic status). Other English examples include barefoot.