Of the republic of uzbekistan gulistan state university

1.2.Phraseology in Speech
English phraseology helps people to speak quickly .In addition,it is used to explain peopleʼs speech exactly. The vocabulary of the English language consists of words and, so called, words equivalents which are not created by speakers but used as ready-made linguistic units. Such units are primarily characterized by the contradiction which exists between the semantic integrity of the whole and the formal independence of its parts. It is very difficult to establish a sharp boundary between free word-combinations which are generated by the speaker in the process of speech and phraseological units used as ready-made. As a rule, it can be shown that there are different degrees of ‘setness’, or different degree of restrictions. This is the subject of investigation of phraseology but some of these theoretical aspects are very important for foreign language teaching. In speech phraseological units have connotations related to emotions and appraisals. Connotation is determined only by social, ideological attitude of a speaker, therefore an appraisal component of such connotation has a subjective nature. Knowing English phraseological units, proverbs and sayings enriches students’ vocabulary and helps them to realize figurative system of English, lambent English humour and broadens their lingua cultural competence. Questions of linguistic and speech specificity of phraseological units, their systemic nature and role in reflecting national consciousness have long attracted the attention of many researchers in Russia and abroad. Scientists pay attention to the semantic characteristic of phraseological units and the role of phraseological units in terms of representing the linguistic picture of the world. The relevance of this research article is determined by the need to develop the phraseological units typology in the perspective of the religious context, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the functional-pragmatic and cognitive aspects with religious components in the Spanish language. The aim is to consider the Spanish phraseological units with religious components as a single system, determine its functional and pragmatic characteristics, identify the national and cultural specificity in terms of displaying the linguistic picture of the world. For fifty years of various studies in the field of Spanish language phraseology, linguists have proposed several terms for word combinations. Along with the problem of differentiating phraseology as a discipline, other difficulties arise associated with it. A study in the field of phraseology today is quite problematic, since its theoretical basis and terminology lack coherence. Different types of Phraseological units have certain features and general characteristics. The study of religious concepts and the semantic meanings contained in them, manifesting themselves in a specific contextual communicative situation, allows us to identify universals or correspondences in comparative linguistics. Also, these studies allow us to determine the role of religious elements in the formation of a specific national linguistic picture that is unique to each culture.
Phraseological Studies Phraseological studies contribute to relevance of this paper not only in a linguistic aspect, but also in a gnoseological one, as they obviously demonstrate the interrelation between the language and the society. “But if we want to characterize the semantic usage properly which is accepted in any speech community and belongs to the described language, we should not only describe it. We can achieve the result only by applying collective estimations which are adopted in the community so we must take into consideration the public opinion. One and the same thing may have different descriptions in different civilizations. Such semantic definitions must have substantial consequences for the formal analysis of linguistic units.”³ An idea of interrelation between linguistic and extra linguistic meanings in the language and in particular in word semantics is not new. This issue was raised in very general terms in papers of classical linguists and philosophers and keeps attracting attention of modern scientists. The study of a vocabulary of modern English performed by scientists from various branches shows that an extra linguistic reference of the word influences its linguistic features. However, forms of such influence are poorly known, and a range of problems of the research is not clearly narrowed from neighboring fields.Phraseology can be defined as the study of structure, meaning and use of phraseological units. Phraseology has only recently been recognized as a field of study in the American tradition, but it has strong roots in the European, particu- larly Russian and East European, linguistic traditions.It is now commonly accepted that the people who want to master the English language must have knowledge about wide range of complex lexical in English as a foreign language learner. As our president I. A. Karimov states, every language learner should achieve the highest point in mastering a foreign language as native speakers do. Obviously, in order to command a foreign language deeply, a learner should learn pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. All of them are important to learn and at the same time they have problematic points for learners. Let us consider lexical problems in learning English, namely, the problem of phraseological units. In linguistics, phraseology means a science of systems or types of fixed expressions like idioms, phrases, phrasal verbs and other kinds of multi-word lexical segments of a language. The components of a phrase are connected to each other in order to make one meaning in a sentence. Nevertheless, they cannot give that meaning when they are used independently. Phraseology (from Greek — phrasis, “way of speaking” and — logia, “study of”) is a scholarly approach to language which was developed in twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally’s notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s But Merriam Webster’s dictionary states that the term phraseology came from new Latin Phraseologia and means a manner of organizing words and phrases into longer elements: style and choice of words. Macmillan Dictionary also defines phraseology a particular way of putting words together to express something. Besides, this dictionary explains phraseology as terminology as it denotes the words and phrases used in a particular profession. In Oxford English Dictionary the term phraseology is explained as uncountable and formal noun that means the particular way in which words and phrases are arranged when saying or writing something. Exceeding from the above-mentioned ideas we can say not all of the definitions of phraseology are similar. For example, all definitions say that the word phraseology came from Greek word phrasis and logia except Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. It emphasizes that the word phraseology came from new Latin. Speaking about the meaning of the term phraseology, Wikipedia notes that it studies phraseological constructions and segments in a particular language. However, the Macmillan English Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary open its meaning as words and phrases used in a particular profession and putting words and phrases together to convey meaning while uttering or noting something. Likewise, sources on Uzbek linguistics also define phraseology as a science that studies phrases, set phrases, even proverbs and sayings. Therefore, we can say the function of phraseology of every language is to study phrases, multi-word language units with their direct as well indirect meanings that make language vivid and colourful. According to the definitions and statements given above, we can surely state that every student who aims at commanding English deeply must know phraseology and they have to break their backs to learn it. When you come across with the idiom break their backs, you might understand it directly. However, your choice would be incorrect. Because all components in the idioms do not keep ⁴their lexical meanings. They can differ when they are used within the phrase or idiom. The English language is full of phraseological units. Obviously, idioms, phrases, phrasal verbs and set expressions, aphorisms, maxims, proverbs and sayings are the main units of any language, without them our language may seem shallow or boring. Such linguistic units play an active role in our speech, language and culture, they make the language and speech colourful as well as attractive. Time by time they are being developed and polished. It is impossible not to mention about these units while learning the language. However, students may face difficulties in differing these terms from each other. Let us consider them briefly. A phrase is a group of related words that do not include subject-verb relationship. From syntactical viewpoint no matter how many words the phrase consists of, all the elements are regarded as a single unit. Phrases may be of different kinds. Examples: The pretty and clever girl — noun phrase My favorite football player, best goal keeper, Ignatiy Nesterov have been playing for Uzbekistan’s combined team for a long times — appositive phrase I cannot find the books that I put on the shelf yesterday — prepositional phrase An idiom like a phrase is a group of words. However, the most distinguishing feature of an idiom is that its meaning is hardly predictable as the meaning of the idiom stays far from the lexical meaning of the components of the idiom. Examples: big fish — an important person (in a particular social group) rain cats and dogs — rain hard kill two birds with one stone — succeed in doing two things at the same time a green thumb — a careful gardener However, it should be mentioned that lexical meanings of the elements of the idiom are helpful in guessing the logical meaning of the idiom. For instance, metaphorically by green we understand trees, wood, garden, etc. Set expression as its name says is a fixed expression. By set expressions some scientists mean idioms, but others do not support this idea.