Option 1 The essence and content of the term philosophy

42-option
1.The concept of worldview, its essence and historical forms.
A worldview is a set of beliefs and assumptions about the nature of reality, human beings, and the world around us. It is a comprehensive framework that guides how we interpret and make sense of our experiences, and shapes our values, attitudes, and behavior. Worldviews can be influenced by cultural, social, religious, philosophical, and scientific factors.
The essence of a worldview is its holistic nature, as it encompasses a wide range of beliefs and assumptions about various aspects of life. It provides a lens through which we view the world and interpret our experiences, and helps us make sense of complex phenomena.
Historically, worldviews have taken many forms. In ancient times, mythological and religious worldviews dominated, with beliefs in supernatural beings and divine forces shaping people's understanding of the world. During the Enlightenment period, rationalism and empiricism emerged as dominant worldviews, emphasizing reason and evidence-based knowledge. In the 20th century, postmodernism challenged the idea of objective truth and emphasized the importance of subjective experience and cultural context.
Today, there are many different worldviews that shape how people understand and interact with the world, including religious, secular, scientific, philosophical, and cultural perspectives. Understanding the different worldviews that exist can help us appreciate diverse perspectives and promote greater understanding and tolerance.
2.Subject and object of the science of logic
Key words: Formal and dialectical logic, universe of thought
The subject of the science of logic is reasoning and the principles of correct and valid reasoning. The object of the science of logic is to study and analyze the structure of arguments and to develop methods for determining whether an argument is sound or unsound, valid or invalid. It is concerned with understanding the fundamental laws of thought and how they can be used to evaluate the truth or falsity of statements and propositions. Additionally, logic also studies the relationship between language, meaning, and truth.


Formal logic is a branch of logic that uses mathematical symbols and formulas to represent logical statements and arguments. It is a precise and rigorous method of reasoning that is used to determine the validity or invalidity of an argument.
Dialectical logic, on the other hand, is a method of reasoning that seeks to uncover the truth by examining the contradictions and oppositions within a given argument or idea. It involves a back-and-forth dialogue between opposing viewpoints in order to arrive at a synthesis or resolution of those contradictions.
Together, formal and dialectical logic make up the universe of thought. They provide us with powerful tools for analyzing and evaluating ideas and arguments, and for discovering new insights and perspectives.