Option 1 The essence and content of the term philosophy

Option 1
The essence and content of the term philosophy.
Key words: Philosophy, wisdom, "wisdom", Pythagoras, Aristotle, Abu Nasr Farabi, science, worldview
Philosophy is a branch of study that seeks to understand the fundamental nature of reality, existence, knowledge, ethics, and values. It involves critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and rational inquiry into various concepts and ideas. Philosophers examine various arguments and theories to understand and articulate the nature of reality, human existence, and the world around us.
In summary, philosophy is concerned with exploring the most fundamental questions of our existence in a systematic and reflective way, and it seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the universe and the place of humans in it. It encompasses many different areas of inquiry, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy.


1)Philosophy is the study of fundamental problems related to existence, values, reason, mind, and language.
2)Wisdom is the ability to judge and act wisely based on knowledge and experience. "Wisdom" refers to ideas that are considered wise but lack empirical evidence or logical reasoning.
3)Pythagoras was a prominent Greek philosopher who made major contributions in mathematics, music theory, and cosmology.
4)Aristotle was another Greek philosopher who developed a system of logic and contributed to ethics, politics, and metaphysics.
5)Abu Nasr Farabi was a Muslim philosopher who integrated Islamic theology with Aristotelian philosophy.
6)Science is a systematic approach to discovering empirical truths about the natural world.
7)Worldview refers to a person's overall perspective on reality and how they interpret and understand the world around them.
2. The essence of aesthetic perception of world.
Key words: Aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic perception, aesthetic assessment, taste, sophistication
Aesthetic perception of the world is the ability to appreciate the beauty and value in things around us. It involves using our senses, emotions, and intellect to understand and interpret the world in a unique way. Essentially, aesthetic perception is the ability to recognize and appreciate the artistic and beautiful qualities in things that we encounter in our everyday lives. It allows us to experience the world on a deeper level and helps us to cultivate a greater appreciation and understanding of the world around us. Ultimately, aesthetic perception encourages us to look beyond surface appearances and delve into the deeper meanings and values that exist within the world around us.
1)Aesthetic consciousness refers to an individual's awareness and appreciation of beauty and artistic qualities.
2)Aesthetic perception is the ability to recognize and understand the beauty and aesthetic value of a particular object, artwork, or design.
3)Aesthetic assessment involves evaluating an artwork or design based on its aesthetic appeal and qualities.
4)Taste is an individual's personal preference for aesthetics, influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors. 5)Sophistication refers to the refinement and depth of one's aesthetic tastes and judgments.
3. - Democratic reforms and state administration in Uzbekistan
National government system. The principle of separation of powers in independent Uzbekistan. The formation of the multi-party system in Uzbekistan and its importance. Political parties, parliamentary system and its reforms. non-governmental non-commercial organizations and their participation in political, social and economic processes. Activities of self-governing bodies and their role in democratization of society. Concept of further deepening of democratic reforms and development of civil society in Uzbekistan. Ensuring and protecting human rights. Electoral Code.
Uzbekistan has made significant progress in democratic reforms and state administration in recent years. The government of Uzbekistan has taken several steps to achieve this goal, such as constitutional amendments aimed at strengthening human rights and freedoms, the creation of an ombudsman's office, and the establishment of a National Human Rights Centre.
Additionally, there have been efforts to reduce corruption and improve transparency in government institutions. The government has also adopted measures to increase citizen participation in decision-making processes, such as public hearings and consultations on important issues.
Despite these reforms, there are still challenges to overcome, such as ensuring the independence of the judiciary and improving access to justice for all citizens. However, the commitment of the Uzbek government to democratic values and good governance represents a positive step towards a more constructive and accountable state administration.
Option 2
The concept of worldview, its essence and historical forms.
Key words: Philosophical, scientific, religious, mythological forms of worldview, culture, spirituality
Worldview is a term used to describe the set of beliefs, values and assumptions that an individual or group of individuals hold about the world. It is essentially a way of looking at and interpreting reality. A worldview influences a person's understanding of themselves, others and their environment, and can shape their attitudes, behaviours and decisions.
The essence of a worldview is that it provides a framework for understanding reality. This framework includes beliefs about the nature of the world, human beings, morality, and spirituality. These beliefs are formed through a combination of personal experience, cultural norms, and inherited traditions.
Throughout history, there have been various forms of worldviews that have shaped societies and cultures. The ancient Greeks, for example, had a worldview that emphasized reason and logic, and placed great value on human achievement. The Judeo-Christian worldview emphasizes the existence of a transcendent God who has created the world and given humans a moral code to live by.
Other historical worldviews include the Eastern religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism, which emphasize spiritual enlightenment and the pursuit of inner peace and harmony. Marxism, a political and economic worldview, emphasizes the importance of economic equality and collective ownership of resources.
Today, there are many different worldviews that exist within modern societies. These range from secular humanism to new age spirituality, from scientific naturalism to postmodern relativism. Each of these worldviews provides a unique framework for understanding reality and shaping human behaviour.


1)Scientific worldview is based on empirical evidence and rational thought, with a focus on the physical world and natural phenomena.
2)Religious worldview centers on beliefs and practices concerning a higher power or supernatural being, often emphasizing faith and obedience.
3)Mythological worldview involves stories and legends that explain natural phenomena and cultural origins, often featuring gods and heroes.
4)Culture encompasses values, customs, and shared behaviors of a particular society or community.
5)Spirituality refers to an individual's inner beliefs and experiences related to a sense of purpose, meaning, and connection to something greater than oneself.


2. Subject and object of the science of logic.
Key words: Formal and dialectical logic, universe of thought
The subject of the science of logic is reasoning and argumentation, while the object is the study of the principles and rules involved in valid inference and deduction. It aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the nature of thinking, language, concepts, and knowledge, as well as the methods and criteria for evaluating arguments and claims. Logic is essential for critical thinking and problem-solving in many fields, including philosophy, mathematics, computer science, linguistics, psychology, and law.


The subject of the science of logic is the study of reasoning and arguments. It aims to understand how we can arrive at valid conclusions from premises, and to identify the rules that govern correct reasoning. The object of logic is the universe of thought, meaning all the concepts, ideas, and propositions that can be expressed in language.
There are two main branches of logic: formal and dialectical. Formal logic is concerned with the structure of arguments and their validity, whereas dialectical logic focuses on how arguments can be used to explore different perspectives and arrive at new insights.
Overall, the science of logic plays a critical role in many fields, including philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. By providing a rigorous framework for evaluating arguments and reasoning processes, it helps us make more informed decisions and better understand complex phenomena.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
in the years of independence of the Republic of Karakalpakstan as part of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. Changes in the field of agriculture in Karakalpakstan,Updates in the spiritual and cultural sphere. Higher education system of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and its reforms. Ecological situation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The tragedy of the island. State policy on improving the ecological situation.
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in Uzbekistan, has undergone significant reforms in recent years to improve its socio-economic and political situation. Some of the notable reforms include:
1. Economic Reforms: The government of Karakalpakstan has implemented various economic reforms to boost the region's economic growth and development. These reforms include the development of new industries, promotion of foreign investments, and improvement of infrastructure.
2. Agricultural Reforms: The agriculture sector is a vital part of Karakalpakstan's economy. The government has introduced various agricultural reforms aimed at increasing productivity, improving irrigation systems, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
3. Education Reforms: Improving access to quality education is a key priority for the government of Karakalpakstan. The region has undergone significant education reforms, including the introduction of new teaching methods and curriculum changes.
4. Healthcare Reforms: Improving access to healthcare services is also a priority for the government of Karakalpakstan. The region has undergone significant healthcare reforms, including the construction of new hospitals and clinics and the recruitment of more healthcare professionals.
5. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms aimed at promoting democracy and transparency in governance. These include decentralization policies that empower local authorities to make decisions on important issues affecting their communities.
Overall, these reforms have led to significant improvements in the socio-economic and political life of Karakalpakstan, making it a more attractive destination for investors and tourists alike. However, there is still more work to be done to ensure that these positive changes are sustained over time.


Option 3
1. What are the general and main differences between religious and philosophical worldviews?
Key words: Prayer, religious ceremony, religious foundations of the creation of the world, holy books, theology
Religious and philosophical worldviews have a few key differences.
1. Source of Knowledge: Religious worldviews typically rely on sacred texts or beliefs handed down from a divine source, whereas philosophical worldviews look to reason, logic, and empirical evidence to generate knowledge.
2. Existence of Deity: Religious worldviews generally posit the existence of one or more deities, while philosophical worldviews tend to be agnostic or atheist.
3. Purpose of Life: Religious worldviews often emphasize the purpose of human life as serving or pleasing a higher power, while philosophical worldviews may focus on self-development, personal fulfillment, or improving society.
4. Afterlife: Many religious worldviews believe in the existence of an afterlife or reincarnation, while many philosophical worldviews do not.
5. Morality: Religious worldviews often prescribe a set of moral codes or laws to follow in order to please deity and ensure salvation, whereas philosophical worldviews prioritize ethical reasoning and personal responsibility.
It is also worth noting that there is some overlap between religious and philosophical worldviews, and individuals can hold both simultaneously or transition between the two over time.


1)Prayer is a form of communication with a higher power and is an integral part of many religions.
2)Religious ceremonies are rituals or practices that hold great significance in a particular faith.
3)The religious foundations of the creation of the world refer to the beliefs and teachings about how the world came into existence according to various religions.
4)Holy books are sacred texts that contain religious teachings, stories, and laws that guide followers in their spiritual journey.
5)Theology is the study of religious beliefs and practices, including their history, philosophy, and ethics.
2. Logical forms and laws of thinking (laws of logic).
Key words: Ainiyat, conflict, except for the third one, sufficient reason
Logical forms refer to the structure and organization of statements and arguments, while laws of thinking, or laws of logic, are principles that govern reasoning and inference. These laws include the law of identity (a statement is true if and only if it is identical to itself), the law of non-contradiction (a statement cannot be both true and false at the same time), and the law of excluded middle (a statement is either true or false, there is no third option). Other important laws include the principle of inferential consistency (the same reasoning should lead to the same conclusion), the principle of sufficient reason (every event or fact must have an explanation or reason), and the principle of non-excluded middle (there may be more than two options or possibilities for a given statement). Understanding logical forms and laws of thinking is crucial for effective communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making.


1)Ainiyat is a logical principle that states that something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect. This means that contradictory statements cannot both be true.
2)Conflict is another logical principle that refers to a situation where two or more statements cannot all be true at the same time. When there is a conflict between statements, one or more must be false.
3)Except for the third one (principle of sufficient reason), these logical principles are also known as the laws of non-contradiction and excluded middle. Together, these laws form the foundation of logical reasoning and help us to ensure that our arguments are valid and sound.
3. Democratic reforms and state administration in Uzbekistan
National government system. The principle of separation of powers in independent Uzbekistan. The formation of the multi-party system in Uzbekistan and its importance. Political parties, parliamentary system and its reforms. non-governmental non-commercial organizations and their participation in political, social and economic processes. Activities of self-governing bodies and their role in democratization of society. Concept of further deepening of democratic reforms and development of civil society in Uzbekistan. Ensuring and protecting human rights. Electoral Code.
Uzbekistan has made significant progress in democratic reforms and state administration in recent years. The government of Uzbekistan has taken several steps to achieve this goal, such as constitutional amendments aimed at strengthening human rights and freedoms, the creation of an ombudsman's office, and the establishment of a National Human Rights Centre.
Additionally, there have been efforts to reduce corruption and improve transparency in government institutions. The government has also adopted measures to increase citizen participation in decision-making processes, such as public hearings and consultations on important issues.
Despite these reforms, there are still challenges to overcome, such as ensuring the independence of the judiciary and improving access to justice for all citizens. However, the commitment of the Uzbek government to democratic values and good governance represents a positive step towards a more constructive and accountable state administration.

Option 4
1. The content and directions of the philosophical outlook.
Key words: Mythology, philosophical understanding of the world, commonality of scientific and philosophical sciences
Philosophical worldviews are based on rational and logical thinking that is independent of any particular religious faith. Philosophers seek to understand the fundamental nature of reality, human existence, knowledge, ethics, and other important concepts through critical analysis and reasoning.
Religious worldviews, on the other hand, are based on faith in a divine power or supernatural force that governs the universe and human existence. Religion seeks to explain the purpose of existence, moral codes, rituals, and the afterlife.
2. The role of authority.
In philosophical worldviews, individuals are encouraged to question everything and think independently. Philosophers rely on reason and evidence to justify their claims and engage in debates and discussions. There is no external authority or dogma that governs philosophical thought.
Religious worldviews emphasize the authority of religious texts, leaders, and rituals. Religious adherents are expected to accept the teachings of their religion without question and follow its moral code.
3. The view of the self and the world.
Philosophical worldviews often view the self as an autonomous agent that has the power to shape and determine their own destiny. Philosophers tend to focus on the individual's rationality and ability to act freely.
Religious worldviews tend to view the self as part of a larger spiritual community and subject to the will of a higher power. Religion often emphasizes obedience and submission to a divine authority.
4. The view of morality.
Philosophical worldviews often view morality as a set of principles that is grounded in reason, empathy, and the well-being of individuals and society. Philosophers believe that ethical theories can be developed through critical thinking and rational analysis.
Religious worldviews view morality as divine commandments given by a higher power. The moral code of religion is often determined by religious texts and authorities, and is believed to be absolute and unchanging.
2. Concept, judgment, conclusion.
Key words: concept, predicate, subject, simple and advanced sentence, syllogism
Concept, judgment, and conclusion are three important elements in the process of reasoning and logical thinking.
A concept is a general idea or abstraction that represents a particular category or class of things. It is the mental representation of a group of objects, events, or qualities that possess common characteristics. For example, the concept of "animals" is a general idea that includes a wide range of creatures such as dogs, cats, birds, and fish.
A judgment is a statement or proposition that expresses an evaluation or opinion about a particular subject based on evidence or other criteria. Judgments can be true or false, and are often used to support or refute an argument. For example, the judgment that "dogs are loyal animals" is a proposition that expresses an opinion about the character of dogs.
A conclusion is a statement that follows logically from a set of premises or evidence. It is the final result of a process of reasoning that involves evaluating the evidence, making judgments, and drawing inferences. A conclusion is a claim that has been justified by the reasons and evidence presented in an argument. For example, a conclusion that follows from the premises "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man" is the statement "Socrates is mortal."


1)Concept: A general idea or abstraction that represents a particular category or class of objects, events, or qualities.
2)Predicate: The part of a sentence that expresses what is said about the subject and includes the verb and any objects or complements.
3)Subject: The part of a sentence that performs the action or is being described and generally consists of a noun or pronoun.
4)Simple Sentence: A sentence consisting of one independent clause and expressing a single complete thought.
5)Advanced Sentence: A sentence consisting of more than one clause and containing a dependent clause and/or multiple independent clauses.
6)Syllogism: A deductive reasoning process in which a conclusion is drawn from two premises that are asserted or assumed to be true.
An example syllogism is:
Premise 1: All humans are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is human.
Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
In this example, the conclusion logically follows from the two premises which are assumed to be true.
3. Democratic reforms and state administration in Uzbekistan
National government system. The principle of separation of powers in independent Uzbekistan. The formation of the multi-party system in Uzbekistan and its importance. Political parties, parliamentary system and its reforms. non-governmental non-commercial organizations and their participation in political, social and economic processes. Activities of self-governing bodies and their role in democratization of society. Concept of further deepening of democratic reforms and development of civil society in Uzbekistan. Ensuring and protecting human rights. Electoral Code.


After gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Uzbekistan started building its own state administration system. Since then, Uzbekistan has undergone a number of democratic reforms aimed at improving state administration and governance.
One of the most significant reforms was the adoption of a new Constitution in 1992, which established the principles of separation of powers and the rule of law. The Constitution also enshrined the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion.
In addition, Uzbekistan has implemented various measures to decentralize power and promote local self-government. This has resulted in the establishment of local councils, or mahallas, which are responsible for resolving disputes and overseeing community affairs.
More recently, Uzbekistan has implemented reforms aimed at combating corruption and improving public services. These include measures such as increasing transparency, establishing anti-corruption agencies, and streamlining bureaucratic processes.
Overall, while there is still much work to be done, Uzbekistan's democratic reforms have helped to lay the foundation for a more effective and accountable state administration system.

Option 5
1. The renewal process of the philosophical outlook and youth education.
Key words: Progress and thinking, independence and philosophy, renewal of the philosophical outlook, renewal of philosophy and ideological processes, change of thinking, Third Renaissance
Renewing the philosophical outlook and youth education is a key priority in many countries, including Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, the government recognizes the importance of nurturing a new generation of young people who are well-educated, open-minded, and equipped with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the modern world.
To achieve this goal, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of reforms aimed at renewing the philosophical outlook and youth education. These include:
1. Education Reforms: Uzbekistan has implemented significant reforms in its education system, aimed at improving the quality of education and ensuring that students are equipped with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the 21st century. The government has increased investment in education, improved teacher training, and expanded access to higher education.
2. Youth Engagement: The government has also focused on engaging young people in the political and social life of the country. This includes establishing youth councils and organizations, providing opportunities for young people to participate in decision-making processes, and promoting civic engagement and community service.
3. Cultural Exchange: Uzbekistan has also prioritized cultural exchange programs, as a means to broaden young people's worldview and understanding of different cultures. This includes encouraging international student exchanges, hosting cultural events and festivals, and building partnerships with academic institutions around the world.
4. Philosophy and Ethics Education: Uzbekistan has placed a strong emphasis on philosophy and ethics education in schools and universities. The government believes that such education will help young people develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of moral and ethical issues.
Overall, Uzbekistan's efforts to renew the philosophical outlook and youth education are aimed at promoting the values of tolerance, diversity, and respect for human rights. These reforms are crucial to building a more prosperous and democratic society in Uzbekistan.

1)The concept of progress refers to the idea of moving forward and improving one's position in society. This requires critical thinking, creativity, and a willingness to adapt to changing circumstances. In Uzbekistan, the government is investing in research and development, innovation, and technology as key drivers of progress.
2)Independent thinking is also essential for progress and renewal of the philosophical outlook. It encourages individuals to question assumptions, challenge doctrines and take risks. The government of Uzbekistan is promoting independent thinking by introducing innovative educational programs that encourage students to think critically and creatively.
3)Philosophy plays a crucial role in shaping worldview and providing guidance for making ethical decisions. The renewal of philosophy and ideological processes is essential for addressing contemporary challenges and preparing future leaders. The government of Uzbekistan has initiated several programs to renew the philosophical outlook, including the establishment of new departments of philosophy in universities, supporting philosophical research projects, and promoting philosophical debates and discussions.
4)Changing thinking patterns is also critical for the renewal of the philosophical outlook. The government is implementing programs aimed at changing the mindset of the population by promoting positive values and attitudes through public campaigns, cultural events, and social media.
5)The Third Renaissance, as envisioned by the Uzbek government, involves the revival of the country's rich cultural heritage, promotion of innovation and free thinking and the renewal of the philosophical outlook. It aims to position Uzbekistan as a leader in science, education, and culture
2. Features of formal and dialectical logic.
Key words: Universal logical forms of thinking, concept, judgment, conclusion, general connection
Formal and dialectical logic are two different approaches to reasoning and argumentation.
Formal logic is concerned with the formal structures of arguments, which means it focuses on the forms of propositions and the logical relationships between them. It deals with the validity and soundness of arguments, in which logical statements and symbols are used to represent different propositions or ideas. Formal logic can be used to evaluate the consistency and coherence of arguments, irrespective of their content.
Dialectical logic, on the other hand, is concerned with the relations between ideas and their development over time. It is a dynamic approach that recognizes that ideas change and develop through dialogue and debate. It focuses on the contradictions that exist within arguments and seeks to identify and resolve them by synthesizing opposing viewpoints. Dialectical logic is often used in philosophical debates and discussions.
The key features of formal logic include its emphasis on the formal structure and validity of arguments. It uses symbols, such as letters and logical operators, to represent propositions and their logical relationships. Formal logic aims to identify the basic rules of inference and deduction that can be applied to arguments to determine their validity. It is mostly concerned with the form of an argument rather than its content.
The key features of dialectical logic include its emphasis on the relationships between ideas and the dynamic nature of argumentation. It recognizes that ideas are constantly evolving and changing, and that truth emerges through debate and dialogue. Dialectical logic seeks to identify and resolve contradictions within arguments and to synthesize opposing viewpoints. It is concerned with the content of an argument and seeks to understand the underlying assumptions and values that inform it.
In summary, formal and dialectical logic are two different approaches to reasoning and argumentation. Formal logic focuses on the formal structure and validity of arguments, while dialectical logic is concerned with the relationships between ideas and the dynamic nature of argumentation.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is an autonomous republic located in northwestern Uzbekistan. In recent years, the government has implemented reforms aimed at improving the socio-economic and political life of the region. Some of these reforms include:
1. Agriculture Reforms: The government invested in modernizing agriculture in Karakalpakstan by providing farmers with new equipment and resources, crop diversification, land reclamation, and irrigation systems. This helped to increase agricultural productivity and improve food security.
2. Education Reforms: The government promoted education reforms to improve the quality of education in the region. It introduced a new curriculum, built new schools, and provided improved teaching resources like textbooks, computers, and internet connectivity.
3. Healthcare Reforms: The government also initiated healthcare reforms, including building new hospitals, upgrading existing facilities, and providing modern medical equipment. Health insurance was expanded to cover more people, especially those living in rural areas.
4. Infrastructure Development: The government invested in infrastructure development by building new roads, bridges, buildings, and other vital infrastructure. This helped to increase connectivity and reduce transportation costs.
5. Anti-corruption Reforms: The government implemented anti-corruption reforms to tackle corruption in the region. New legislation was introduced and measures were taken to increase transparency and accountability in public institutions.
6. Political Reforms: The government also undertook political reforms such as decentralization, which involved transferring power from central authorities to local governments. This helped to improve governance and enable greater participation of citizens in decision-making processes.
Overall, the reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan have helped to improve the standard of living for people in the region. However, there is still much work to be done to address ongoing challenges such as poverty, job creation, and environmental issues.

Option 6
1. The emergence of the first philosophical views in ancient Babylon and Egypt.
Key words: Babylon, Babylon, Ancient Egypt, substance, water, early creation, Nile, Oriental myth
The roots of philosophical thought can be traced back to ancient Babylon and Egypt. In Babylon, the earliest known philosopher was Zoroaster, who lived in the 6th century BCE and taught about the duality of good and evil. He also emphasized personal responsibility and the importance of choosing good over evil.
In Egypt, philosophical thought emerged in the form of religious texts like the Book of the Dead, which contained instructions on how to live a moral life and achieve happiness in the afterlife. The ancient Egyptian philosopher Ptahhotep also wrote a collection of wise sayings that emphasized the importance of virtue, integrity, and wisdom.
Over time, philosophical thought in both Babylon and Egypt developed into more complex systems of beliefs and ideas about the nature of reality, morality, and the human experience. These early philosophical views would later influence the development of Western philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome.


Babylon and Ancient Egypt are two of the oldest civilizations in the world, and both have left behind a wealth of myths and legends. One of the most notable themes in these mythologies is the significance of substance and water in the creation of the universe.
In Babylonian myth, the goddess Tiamat represents the original chaos out of which the world was created. She is often depicted as a vast and powerful sea monster, symbolizing the primordial ocean from which all life emerged. The god Marduk eventually slays Tiamat, using her body to create the earth and the sky.
Similarly, Ancient Egyptian myth places great importance on the element of water in the early creation of the world. The Nile River was considered a sacred source of life, and many of the gods and goddesses were associated with aspects of water or the natural world. The god Atum is often credited with creating the world through his own self-creation, rising out of the waters of the primordial ocean.
Both Babylonian and Ancient Egyptian mythology reflect an early human fascination with the origins of the world and the forces that give it life. The fluidity and power of water as a life-giving force became a powerful symbol for many cultures in the ancient world, and the myths and legends surrounding these ideas continue to inspire fascination and wonder today.
2 The essence of "New Uzbekistan" "Third Renaissance" ideas.
Key words: Renaissance, from national revival to national rise, Action strategy, Development strategy of New Uzbekistan.
The "New Uzbekistan" and "Third Renaissance" ideas are centered around the modernization and development of the country of Uzbekistan. These concepts were introduced by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, who took office in 2016 after Islam Karimov.
The "New Uzbekistan" idea emphasizes the need for economic and social reforms to modernize the country and improve the standard of living for its citizens. The government has undertaken several initiatives to achieve this goal, including the liberalization of the economy, the simplification of business regulations, and the creation of a more transparent and accountable government.
The "Third Renaissance" idea builds upon this vision, seeking to revive Uzbekistan's rich cultural heritage and promote national pride. This includes efforts to revive traditional crafts and arts, promote tourism, and celebrate the achievements of Uzbek thinkers and scientists throughout history.
Overall, these ideas reflect a desire to create a modern, prosperous, and culturally vibrant Uzbekistan that can compete on the global stage. They represent a departure from the isolationist policies of the past and a commitment to creating a brighter future for all Uzbek citizens.


The Renaissance period in Uzbekistan is characterized by a national revival that has seen the country undergo significant economic, political, and societal changes. The Uzbek people have worked hard to reclaim their cultural heritage, celebrate their traditions, and embrace modernization.
One of the key aspects of the Renaissance period has been the Uzbek government's commitment to an Action Strategy. This outlines a comprehensive plan for the country's development, with a particular focus on economic and social development. The strategy aims to create a strong and prosperous Uzbekistan through increased economic growth, job creation, and the expansion of social services.
Another important component of the Renaissance period has been the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan. This strategy seeks to promote sustainable development and modernization through a range of initiatives, including the expansion of education and healthcare services, and investment in infrastructure and new industries.
Overall, the Renaissance period in Uzbekistan represents a significant turning point in the country's history. Through a combination of national pride, strategic planning, and hard work, the Uzbek people have sought to build a brighter future for themselves and their country.
3. Implementation of rule of law and social sphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan incremental reforms
The formation of a strong social policy concept, increasing the socio-political activity of women, providing the population with housing, developing road transport engineering, communication and social infrastructures, education, culture, science, literature, and science. development of horse and sports fields, improvement of state policy regarding youth.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has been implementing incremental reforms in the areas of rule of law and social sphere over the past few years. These reforms aim to create a more transparent and accountable legal system, promote human rights, and improve the quality of life for citizens.
One significant reform in the area of rule of law has been the establishment of an independent judiciary. The country has created a new Supreme Court and introduced reforms to increase the independence and accountability of judges. These measures aim to ensure that judges are appointed on merit, and that they are free from political pressure or interference.
The government has also made efforts to improve access to justice for citizens. It has simplified procedures for filing complaints and reduced the time required for the resolution of disputes. Additionally, legal aid services are being expanded, particularly in rural areas, to provide support to those who cannot afford legal representation.
In the social sphere, the government has taken steps to improve access to healthcare and education, particularly in rural areas. Measures include the construction of new hospitals and schools, as well as the expansion of existing facilities. The government has also increased funding for healthcare and education, with a focus on improving the quality of services provided.
Furthermore, the government has been working to promote gender equality and safeguarding the rights of vulnerable groups, such as women and children. It has established a national commission on gender equality and launched public awareness campaigns to prevent violence against women and children.
Overall, these incremental reforms in the areas of rule of law and social sphere demonstrate the government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens. While there is still much work to be done, these reforms represent a positive step towards a more just and equitable society in Uzbekistan.
Option 7
1. Emergence of religious and philosophical views in ancient Central Asia.
Key words: Zoroastrianism, Avesta, myths and legends of the ancient East,
Central Asia has a rich history of religious and philosophical views that have emerged and evolved over time. Some of the earliest beliefs in the region were shamanism and animism, which involved the veneration of natural objects such as mountains, rivers, and trees.
As civilization developed in Central Asia, so did the emergence of organized religions such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Nestorian Christianity. The spread of these religions was often linked to trade and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road.
Buddhism, for example, became prevalent in Central Asia during the Kushan Empire (1st to 3rd century CE) and was widely practiced in areas such as Bactria, Gandhara, and Khotan. Zoroastrianism, on the other hand, was popular in pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia before it was largely supplanted by Islam.
Philosophy also had a significant influence on Central Asian thought. Scholars such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna contributed significantly to Islamic philosophy and the development of the Islamic Golden Age. Their works were highly influential in the fields of metaphysics, ethics, and logic.
Overall, the religious and philosophical views that emerged in ancient Central Asia reflected the diverse cultural exchanges and intellectual developments of the region. These ideas contributed to the rich tapestry of Central Asian culture that persists to this day.


1)Zoroastrianism is an ancient religion that originated in Persia (modern-day Iran) around 3500 years ago. It is considered to be one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, and its teachings influenced many other religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
2)The central text of Zoroastrianism is the Avesta, a collection of religious and philosophical texts written in the ancient Iranian language of Avestan. The Avesta includes the Gathas, a series of hymns believed to have been composed by the religion's founder, Zarathustra (or Zoroaster).
3)Zoroastrian mythology includes a complex pantheon of gods and goddesses, including Ahura Mazda (the wise lord), Angra Mainyu (the evil spirit), and Mithra (the god of light and justice). The religion also includes a belief in judgment after death and the concept of heaven and hell.
Many of the myths and legends of the ancient East are intertwined with the religions and cultures of the region. These include the epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), the ancient Egyptian stories of Isis and Osiris, and the Hindu Ramayana and Mahabharata from India.
These myths often feature larger-than-life heroes and deities who embody virtues and values important to their respective cultures. They also provide insight into the beliefs and practices of ancient civilizations, as well as their understanding of the natural world and human existence.
2. The impact of modern technology development on youth education.
Key words: man-made culture, technocracy, youth policy, Internet, social networks
Modern technology development has had a significant impact on youth education. With the advent of computers, smartphones, and the internet, students today have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. This has revolutionized the way young people learn and has made education more accessible, engaging, and efficient. Online learning platforms, apps, and educational games have made it possible for students to learn anytime, anywhere, and at their own pace. Additionally, technology has opened up new opportunities for collaboration and communication among students and between teachers and students, allowing for more personalized and interactive learning experiences. However, there is also a concern that excessive use of technology may lead to distraction, reduced social interaction, and a decrease in critical thinking skills. Therefore, it is crucial to strike a balance between the use of technology and traditional teaching methods to ensure that students receive a well-rounded education.


1)Man-made culture refers to the cultural creations of humans, such as art, music, literature, and films.
2)Technocracy is a governance system where technology experts make decisions for society, often in place of elected officials.
3)Youth policy refers to the set of policies, programs, and initiatives aimed at supporting the development and well-being of young people.
4)The Internet and social networks have become essential aspects of modern life and have greatly impacted youth culture and behavior. They have facilitated communication, socialization, and information sharing, but also pose some risks, such as cyberbullying, online addiction, and exposure to inappropriate content. Thus, it is crucial for policymakers to develop youth-oriented policies that harness the positive aspects of technology while addressing the negative impacts. This can include initiatives to promote digital literacy, responsible online behavior, safe online environments, and equitable access to technology. Breaking down barriers and promoting equal access to technology is essential to making sure all young people are able to fully participate in the digital world.
3. Implementation of rule of law and social sphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan incremental reforms
The formation of a strong social policy concept, increasing the socio-political activity of women, providing the population with housing, developing road transport engineering, communication and social infrastructures, education, culture, science, literature, and science. development of horse and sports fields, improvement of state policy regarding youth.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has been undergoing a process of incremental reforms aimed at strengthening the rule of law and improving the social sphere. These reforms have been multifaceted, involving changes in legal, institutional, and cultural practices.
In terms of legal reforms, the government has implemented a number of measures to strengthen the independence of the judiciary and increase access to justice. This has included creating new courts, expanding legal aid programs, and introducing new laws to ensure greater transparency and accountability in the justice system.
Institutional reforms have also been a key focus, with efforts to reform the education, healthcare, and social welfare systems. These reforms have included increasing spending on education and healthcare, improving the quality of services, and introducing new social welfare programs to support vulnerable populations.
Finally, there have been cultural reforms aimed at promoting greater tolerance and diversity, such as the removal of restrictions on religious practice and the protection of minority rights.
Overall, the implementation of these incremental reforms has helped to build a more democratic and inclusive society in Uzbekistan. However, there is still much work to be done to fully establish the rule of law and improve the social sphere, and continued efforts will be needed to sustain progress and address remaining challenges.
Option 8
1. Philosophical teachings and schools that appeared in ancient India and China.
Key words: Brahmanism, Hinduism, Mahabhorata, Ramayana, Confucianism, Taoism
India and China are countries with a rich philosophical tradition, and there are several teachings and schools of thought that have emerged from these ancient civilizations.
In India, some of the prominent philosophical teachings and schools include:
1. Vedanta: This is a school of philosophy that is based on the Upanishads, which are sacred texts of Hinduism. Vedanta teaches that the ultimate reality is Brahman, and that the goal of life is to realize this truth and achieve liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
2. Yoga: This is a spiritual and physical discipline that originated in ancient India. It involves a series of practices aimed at achieving unity of mind, body, and spirit.
3. Buddhism: This is a non-theistic religion and philosophy that originated in India and was founded by the Buddha. The central teachings of Buddhism include the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which aim at ending suffering and achieving enlightenment.
4. Jainism: This is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, self-control, and compassion. The goal of Jainism is to achieve liberation from the cycle of birth and death through a strict adherence to ethical principles and spiritual practices.
In China, some of the prominent philosophical teachings and schools include:
1. Confucianism: This is a system of thought that emphasizes moral values, ethics, and social order. Confucianism teaches that individuals can achieve harmony with others and the universe by following a code of conduct and adhering to the principles of benevolence, loyalty, and filial piety.
2. Taoism: This is a philosophical and religious tradition that seeks to achieve harmony with nature and the universe. Taoism emphasizes the concept of the Tao, which means "the way" or "the path," and teaches that by following the Tao, individuals can achieve inner peace and enlightenment.
3. Legalism: This is a political and philosophical system that emphasizes the need for a strong and centralized government. Legalism teaches that humanity is inherently selfish and needs strict laws and punishment to maintain social order.
4. Mohism: This is a philosophical and ethical system that emphasizes universal love, equality, and practicality. Mohists believed in the importance of promoting the well-being of all people and were critical of social hierarchy and warfare.
Overall, these teachings and schools of thought have played a significant role in shaping the cultural and intellectual traditions of India and China.


Brahmanism: Brahmanism is an ancient Indian religion and philosophy that was developed by the priests and scholars of ancient India. It was based on the study of the Vedas, which are considered to be the most sacred texts in Hinduism. The goal of Brahmanism was to achieve union with the ultimate reality, which is known as Brahman.
Hinduism: Hinduism is a religion and philosophy that originated in ancient India. It is one of the oldest religions in the world and has a rich history and tradition. Hinduism is characterized by its belief in reincarnation, karma, and the worship of multiple gods and goddesses. It also emphasizes the importance of yoga, meditation, and spiritual practices.
Mahabharata: The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. It is a story of a dynastic struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas. The Mahabharata contains many important teachings and philosophical concepts, including karma, dharma, and the nature of reality.
Ramayana: The Ramayana is another major Sanskrit epic of ancient India. It tells the story of Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, and his quest to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. The Ramayana is a story of love, devotion, and duty, and it has been a significant influence on Indian culture and literature.
Confucianism: Confucianism is a system of thought and social code that originated in ancient China. It emphasizes the importance of education, moral conduct, and the development of relationships and social order. Confucianism also teaches the value of tradition, duty, and filial piety.
Taoism: Taoism is a philosophical and spiritual tradition that originated in ancient China. It emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with nature and achieving balance and simplicity in life. Taoism also teaches the value of intuition, meditation, and spiritual practices such as Tai Chi and Qi Gong.
2. The concept of "public opinion" and its negative impact on society.
Key words: Subculture, fanaticism, populism, rockers, emo
The concept of "public opinion" refers to the views, attitudes, and beliefs held by a group of individuals on a particular issue or topic. While public opinion can play a positive role in promoting democracy and influencing policy decisions, it can also have negative effects on society.
One of the negative impacts of public opinion is that it can lead to the suppression of minority voices and opinions. When the majority of people hold a particular view on an issue, those who hold alternative views may feel discouraged or even silenced from expressing their opinions or taking action. This can lead to a lack of diversity in thought and perspective, which can limit innovation and progress in society.
Another negative impact of public opinion is that it can be easily manipulated and influenced by powerful groups or individuals. Media outlets and political leaders, for example, can use propaganda or other methods to shape public opinion on certain issues or events, even if these views are not based on facts or evidence. This can lead to the spread of misinformation and the erosion of trust in institutions and media.
Finally, public opinion can also create a culture of conformity and pressure to conform to dominant views and beliefs. This can lead to a lack of critical thinking and independent thought, as well as a reluctance to challenge the status quo or engage in constructive debate and discussion.


Subculture is a group of people within a larger culture who share common interests, values, and behaviors that differ from those of the dominant culture. A subculture may include its own unique fashion, music, language, and other cultural elements.
Fanaticism refers to an obsessive and extreme devotion or enthusiasm for a particular idea, belief, person, or activity. Fanaticism often involves rigid adherence to a particular ideology or worldview and a lack of tolerance towards alternative perspectives.
Populism refers to political or social movements that seek to appeal to ordinary people or "the masses" rather than elite or privileged groups. Populist movements often scapegoat minorities or immigrants and use simplistic language and messaging to appeal to emotions rather than reason.
Rockers are a subculture of music fans who are passionate about rock music and its associated lifestyle. This subculture emerged in the 1950s and has evolved over time, often incorporating elements of fashion, art, and rebellion.
Emo is a subculture of music fans who are passionate about emo music, which is characterized by its introspective and emotional lyrics. Emo subculture emerged in the early 2000s and often includes elements of fashion, art, and personal expression.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan that has made significant efforts in implementing reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
One of the key areas of reform has been in improving the region's infrastructure. There have been significant investments made in transportation, such as the construction of new roads and bridges, which has facilitated trade and improved access to basic services. Investments have also been made in healthcare, education, and housing to improve the well-being of the region's inhabitants.
The government of Karakalpakstan has also implemented reforms aimed at promoting economic growth and attracting foreign investment. These include reducing bureaucracy, simplifying procedures for starting and running businesses, and creating incentives for foreign investors to invest in the region.
In terms of political reforms, there have been efforts to promote democratic governance and decentralization. The local government has been given more autonomy to address regional issues and promote local economic development. The government has also taken steps to increase public participation in decision-making processes and improve access to information.


Option 9
1 The formation of philosophical ideas in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries.
Key words: First Renaissance, Bayt ul-hikma, Al-Farabi, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Farghani, Beruni, Ibn Sina
During the IX-XII centuries, Central Asia was a melting pot of different cultures and civilizations. The region witnessed the rise of several powerful empires, including the Samanid Empire, the Karakhanid Khanate, and the Ghaznavid Empire. These empires played a significant role in shaping the philosophical ideas of Central Asia during this period.
One of the most important philosophical ideas that developed in Central Asia during the IX-XII centuries was Sufism. This mystical branch of Islam emphasized the importance of personal experience and spiritual exploration. Sufi masters such as Abu Yazid al-Bistami, Abu al-Hasan al-Kharaqani, and al-Hallaj were some of the most influential figures who spread Sufism in Central Asia during this time.
Another important philosophical idea that emerged in Central Asia during this period was Islamic philosophy. Islamic philosophers such as al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna), and al-Ghazali played a significant role in shaping the intellectual landscape of Central Asia during the IX-XII centuries. They wrote extensively on a wide range of topics, including metaphysics, ethics, logic, and politics.
In addition to Sufism and Islamic philosophy, Central Asia also saw the development of new religious movements, such as the Ismaili sect. The Ismaili sect emphasized the importance of the esoteric interpretation of the Quran and the role of the imam in guiding the community.
Overall, the IX-XII centuries were a time of great intellectual and philosophical activity in Central Asia. The region witnessed the emergence of new ideas and perspectives that continue to shape the region's intellectual landscape to this day.


1)The "First Renaissance" refers to the period of Islamic Golden Age during the 8th to the 13th centuries. The Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) was a major intellectual center in Baghdad, Iraq during this time, which was established by the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the early 9th century. The House of Wisdom was a hub for scholars and intellectuals from different fields and backgrounds, who worked together to translate and preserve knowledge from Greek, Persian, and other sources.
2)Al-Farabi, also known as "the Second Teacher" after Aristotle, was one of the most prominent philosophers in the Islamic Golden Age. He lived in the 10th century and made significant contributions to metaphysics, ethics, logic, and political science. Al-Farabi's writings were heavily influenced by the works of Aristotle, and he is known for his attempts to reconcile Islamic philosophy with the thought of the ancient Greeks.
3)Al-Khwarizmi, also known as "the Father of Algebra," was a Persian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 9th century. He made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, including the development of algebra and the concept of algorithms. The term "algorithm" is derived from his name.
4)Al-Farghani, also known as "the Astronomer," was a Persian astronomer and mathematician who lived in the 9th century. He made important discoveries in the fields of astronomy, geography, and cartography, and his work helped to popularize the use of the astrolabe.
5)Beruni, also spelled as al-Biruni, was a Persian scholar who lived in the 11th century. He made significant contributions to the fields of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and history, and his works included translations of Indian scientific texts into Arabic.
6)Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian physician and philosopher who lived in the 10th and 11th centuries. He made important contributions to fields such as medicine, philosophy, and mathematics, and his works were influential in both the Islamic world and in medieval Europe. His most famous work is the Canon of Medicine, which was used as a standard medical text for several centuries.
2. The role of philosophy in the formation of ecological awareness in society.
Key words: Ecological consciousness, ecological culture, ecological education, need, norm
Philosophy guides our ethical and moral decision-making regarding the environment, contributing to the formation of ecological awareness in society. Environmental ethics, deep ecology, and environmental epistemology are branches of philosophy that explore our relationship with the environment, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all living beings and the importance of preserving the natural world for future generations.
Philosophy contributes to the formation of ecological awareness by providing a framework for ethical and moral decision-making. Environmental ethics, deep ecology, and environmental epistemology are branches of philosophy that explore our relationship with the environment. Philosophy helps us understand the interconnectedness of all living beings and the need to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations.


1)Ecological consciousness refers to an individual's awareness and understanding of their impact on the environment and their responsibility to protect it. Ecological culture is a holistic approach that promotes sustainable lifestyles, values biodiversity, and emphasizes social responsibility towards the environment.
2)Ecological education aims to teach individuals about ecology, sustainability, and environmental issues to promote long-term environmental stewardship.
3)The need for ecological consciousness, culture, and education arises from the global environmental crisis caused by human activities, such as climate change, pollution, and deforestation. These issues pose a threat to the well-being of humans and other living beings and require immediate action to prevent further damage to the environment and address environmental justice concerns.
4)Norms are established principles or rules that guide behavior in society. Ecological norms suggest that individuals have a responsibility to protect the environment and promote sustainability in their daily lives. These norms include reducing waste, conserving energy, using environmentally friendly products, and supporting organizations that promote environmental protection. By following ecological norms, individuals can contribute to a healthier planet and help mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.


Option 10
1. What is ontology?
Key words: Existence, non-existence, presence, Wolff, matter, attribute, consciousness, movement, space, time, perception
Ontology is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence, reality, and being. It seeks to understand how entities or things exist, what they are made of, their properties, relationships, and categories. In computer science, ontology refers to the formal representation of knowledge in a structured and organized way, using concepts, classes, attributes, and relationships, to enable efficient information retrieval and sharing among different systems and applications.


1)Existence refers to the state or fact of being alive, present, or in existence.
2)Non-existence refers to the absence of something that does not exist.
Presence refers to the state of being present or in a particular place.
3)Wolff is a German philosopher who contributed to the fields of logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind.
4)Matter refers to the physical substance that makes up everything in the universe.
5)Attribute refers to a characteristic or feature of an object or entity that helps describe or define it.
6)Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.
7)Movement refers to the act of changing position, location, or posture.
8)Space refers to the three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur.
9)Time refers to the sequence of events in the past, present, and future.
10)Perception refers to the process by which individuals interpret sensory information from their environment.
2. The main tasks of religion in society.
Key words: compensation; integration; regulatory; legitimization
Religion plays several important roles in society. Here are some of the main tasks of religion in society:
1. Providing spiritual guidance: One of the primary tasks of religion is to provide individuals with a sense of meaning, purpose, and direction in life. Religion helps people understand their place in the world and provides them with guidance on how to live their lives in accordance with their beliefs.
2. Creating a sense of community: Religion provides a sense of belonging and community for its followers. It brings people together who share similar beliefs, values, and practices. Religious institutions often serve as social centers where people can come together to worship, learn, and support one another.
3. Promoting moral values: Religion often promotes moral values such as honesty, compassion, and integrity. Many religious traditions teach that these values are essential for leading a meaningful and fulfilling life.
4. Providing comfort during difficult times: Religion can provide comfort and support during times of hardship, such as illness, death, and tragedy. Many religious traditions offer rituals, prayers, and other practices that can help individuals cope with difficult situations.
5. Encouraging charitable acts: Many religions encourage their followers to engage in charitable acts, such as donating money or volunteering their time to help those in need. These acts of selflessness and compassion are seen as important ways to express one's faith and contribute to society.


1) Compensation: This is the process in which one social institution or sector meets the needs or wants that another social institution or sector cannot satisfy. For instance, if the educational system fails to provide students with the necessary skills for the job market, then the economic system may compensate by offering training and development programs.
2) Integration: This refers to the coordination and harmonization of different social institutions or sectors within a society. This process aims to ensure that different sectors work together cohesively to achieve common goals.
3) Regulatory: This refers to the rules, norms, and laws that govern the operation of social institutions. Regulatory mechanisms serve to control power dynamics, ensure compliance, and maintain order within a society.
4) Legitimization: This refers to the processes and mechanisms through which social institutions gain legitimacy within a society. This can occur through formal recognition, cultural acceptance, or social approval. Institutions may seek legitimacy to enhance their power or authority within a society.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
in the years of independence of the Republic of Karakalpakstan as part of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. Changes in the field of agriculture in Karakalpakstan,Updates in the spiritual and cultural sphere. Higher education system of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and its reforms. Ecological situation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The tragedy of the island. State policy on improving the ecological situation.
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
These reforms have had a positive impact on the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. They have helped to improve the living standards of the population, promote economic growth, and increase social stability in the region. However, there is still much work to be done in addressing the remaining challenges and ensuring sustainable development in the region.
Option 11
1. What does the concept of existence mean?
Key words: Attribute, consciousness, movement, space, time, perception, ontology, matter, existence.
The concept of existence refers to the state or fact of being alive, present, or real. It is the condition or quality of having an objective reality independent of a person's thoughts or feelings. In philosophy, the concept of existence has been debated and analyzed for centuries. At its most basic level, existence simply refers to the fact that something is real or exists in the physical world. However,The concept of existence refers to the state or fact of being present or existing. It is a fundamental concept that underpins many philosophical and scientific debates about the nature of reality. In philosophy, the concept of existence is often associated with ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of being, existence, and reality.
Some philosophers argue that existence is an attribute of things that exist, while others argue that it is not an attribute at all but rather a necessary condition for any attribute to exist. Some philosophers also question whether existence is an objective feature of the world or a subjective feature of our minds or language.
In science, existence refers to the observable and testable phenomena that form the basis of scientific inquiry and investigation. Scientists use empirical evidence to establish the existence of a phenomenon or entity, such as subatomic particles, black holes, or the early universe.
In everyday language, existence simply means that something is real and can be perceived or experienced in some way.


- Attribute: A characteristic or quality that belongs to something.
- Consciousness: The state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.
- Movement: The act or process of changing position or location.
- Space: The physical area or dimensions in which objects exist and events occur.
- Time: The measurement of duration or the progression of events.
- Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information in order to understand and interact with the environment.
- Ontology: The branch of philosophy concerned with the study of existence, being, and reality.
- Matter: The substance or substances of which any physical object is composed.
- Existence: The state or fact of being alive, present, or real.
2. The role of religion in society.
Key words: religion, society, culture, spirituality, morality.
The role of religion in society is multifaceted and varies widely depending on cultural and historical contexts. Some of the major ways religion has been influential in shaping societies include:
1. Providing a moral compass: Religion often provides a set of rules and guidelines for ethical behavior, which can help shape social norms and provide guidance for individuals.
2. Promoting community cohesion: Religious institutions have often served as central gathering places for communities, providing a space for people to come together and engage in shared rituals and activities.
3. Shaping political systems: In many societies, religious leaders have played important roles in influencing political decisions and shaping government structures.
4. Offering solace and comfort: Religion can provide a source of support and comfort in times of personal or societal crisis, offering individuals a sense of purpose and meaning during difficult times.
5. Influencing education and scholarship: Many religious traditions have contributed significantly to philosophy, literature, art, and other areas of scholarship.
Of course, the role of religion in society can also be controversial and divisive, particularly when different religious groups clash over issues related to ideology or power. Nonetheless, it is clear that religion has played a significant role in shaping human societies throughout history.


1)Religion refers to a set of beliefs, practices, and values that are often centered around the worship of one or more deities or divine figures. Religion plays an important role in shaping social norms, providing a framework for moral behavior, and promoting community cohesion.
2)Society refers to the larger social structure that encompasses a group of individuals living together in a shared geographical area. Society is shaped by various factors, including cultural traditions, political institutions, economic systems, and religious beliefs.
3)Culture is the set of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. Culture is deeply intertwined with religion and shapes our understanding of the world around us.
4)Spirituality refers to the inner sense of connection to something greater than oneself, often involving a search for meaning and purpose in life. While spirituality can be influenced by religious beliefs, it is not necessarily tied to organized religion.
5)Morality refers to the principles of right and wrong behavior that guide individuals and societies. Morality can be influenced by religion, culture, and society, but it is also shaped by individual conscience and personal experience.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.


Option 12
1. Movement and its main forms.
Key words: physical, chemical, social, mechanical, biological action, change
Movement refers to the act of changing physical location or position from one place to another. It can also refer to a group of people working together towards a common goal or objective. In general, movement can take different forms, including:
- Human Movement: This involves the physical movement of people from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc.
- Social Movement: This refers to a group of individuals or organizations working together towards achieving a common social or political goal. Examples include civil rights movements, feminist movements, environmental movements, etc.
- Economic Movement: This refers to the movement of goods and services from one place to another. Examples include transportation of goods by trucks, ships, planes, etc.
- Cultural Movement: This is a movement aimed at preserving or promoting cultural heritage and traditions. Examples include language revitalization programs or festivals celebrating cultural traditions.


1) Physical action: Physical actions refer to any alteration in the physical state or appearance of an object or substance, without changing its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation.
2) Chemical action: Chemical actions refer to any transformation that alters the chemical composition of an object or substance. Examples include combustion or burning, oxidation, reduction, acid-base reactions, and precipitation.
3) Social action: Social actions refer to modifications in social structures, behaviors, or relationships among individuals or groups. Examples include political revolutions, social movements, cultural changes, or economic shifts.
4) Mechanical action: Mechanical actions refer to any alteration in the shape, position, or movement of an object or substance through mechanical forces. Examples include compression, stretching, twisting, bending, or shearing.
5) Biological action: Biological actions refer to any modification or alteration in living organisms or biological systems. Examples include growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, adaptation, evolution, or diseases
2. What are the primitive forms of religion?
Key words: animism, fetishism, totemism, shamanism
The concept of "primitive" religion is controversial and has been critiqued as it can be seen as condescending and dismissive of the complexity and richness of many religious traditions. However, scholars have identified some common features or characteristics that are often associated with so-called "primitive" religions. These include:
1. Animism: the belief that non-human entities, such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects, have spirits or souls.
2. Totemism: the use of symbolic objects, such as animals or plants, to represent a group or clan.
3. Shamanism: the practice of individuals, called shamans, who communicate with the spiritual world through altered states of consciousness or trance-like states.
4. Ancestor veneration: the belief in the importance of ancestors and their ability to intervene in the lives of the living.
5. Communal rituals and ceremonies: shared religious practices and ceremonies that bring a group of people together to celebrate or honor their religious beliefs.
It's important to note that these features are not exclusive to so-called primitive religions and are found in many contemporary religions as well. And while they may be considered "basic" or "elemental," they are also complex and multifaceted in their own right.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 13
1. What forms of existence exist.
Key words: objective existence, subjective existence, reality, potential existence, virtual existence
Existence is a complex and deeply philosophical concept that has been explored by many great thinkers throughout history. From a broad perspective, we can say that there are two main forms of existence:
1. Physical Existence: This refers to the tangible and observable world around us, including all the living and nonliving things in the universe. Physical existence can be studied and measured through various scientific methods, and our understanding of it has led to great technological advances.
2. Metaphysical Existence: This refers to the realm of existence beyond the physical world, which includes abstract concepts like consciousness, ideas, emotions, spiritual beliefs, and values. Metaphysical existence cannot be directly observed or measured, but it plays an important role in shaping our perception of the world and our place in it.
Within these two main categories, there are many more specific forms of existence that have been identified and explored by different philosophical and religious traditions. These include ideas like the soul, the afterlife, the divine, and the meaning of life. Ultimately, the nature of existence is a deeply personal and subjective question that each individual must explore and seek to understand for themselves.


1) Objective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist independently of our perception or experience of them. For example, a chair has objective existence because it exists whether or not anyone is looking at it or thinking about it.
2) Subjective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that are dependent on our perception or experience of them. For example, the color red exists subjectively because it is a product of our brain's interpretation of certain wavelengths of light. Another example might be the subjective experience of pain, which is a personal and internal experience.
3) Reality: This refers to the totality of all that exists, whether it is objective or subjective. Reality is often understood as the sum total of all physical and metaphysical entities and experiences.
4) Potential Existence: This refers to the existence of things that could exist but do not currently exist in reality. For example, a novel that someone has the potential to write exists as a concept or idea, even if it has not yet been realized as a physical book.
5) Virtual Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist in a digital or computer-generated environment. For example, a character in a video game has virtual existence because it only exists within the context of the game, even though it may appear to be a fully-realized person or object.
2. The emergence and spread of Christianity.
Key words: Christianity, Christ, Christianity, Jesus, apostles, apostles
The emergence and spread of Christianity is a significant event in world history. Christianity originated in the Middle East in the 1st century AD and quickly spread throughout the Roman Empire, eventually becoming the dominant religion of the Western world. The teachings of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the New Testament, heavily influenced the development of Christian doctrine and beliefs.
One reason for the spread of Christianity was its message of love and forgiveness, which resonated with people during a time of social upheaval and political uncertainty. As Christianity spread, it underwent various schisms, leading to the establishment of different branches of the faith, such as Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy.
Christianity also played a major role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Europe during the Middle Ages and beyond. It helped establish the idea of a moral code rooted in the Ten Commandments, which guided laws and policies. Art, literature, and music were also influenced by Christianity and its stories, characters, and symbols.


Christianity is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Jesus is considered by Christians to be the son of God and the savior of humanity. The central message of Christianity is one of love, forgiveness, and living according to God's will.
The followers of Jesus were called apostles, who spread his message after his death and resurrection. They traveled extensively, teaching people about Jesus and establishing churches wherever they went. These early Christian communities faced persecution from both the Jewish authorities and the Roman Empire, but the message of Jesus continued to spread.
One of the most significant events in Christianity is the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Christians believe that Jesus willingly died on the cross to atone for the sins of humanity, and then rose from the dead three days later, demonstrating his power over death and providing the hope of eternal life.
3. Implementation of rule of law and social sphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan incremental reforms
The formation of a strong social policy concept, increasing the socio-political activity of women, providing the population with housing, developing road transport engineering, communication and social infrastructures, education, culture, science, literature, and science. development of horse and sports fields, improvement of state policy regarding youth.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has been implementing incremental reforms in the rule of law and social sphere to improve the overall development of the country and ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of its citizens.
In terms of the rule of law, the country has taken several steps to strengthen the independence of the judiciary and improve access to justice. The country has introduced a number of legal reforms aimed at consolidating human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to a fair trial, the right to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to participate in the political process.
Furthermore, the government has undertaken efforts to improve the social sphere, including healthcare, education, and social protection. The government has increased funding for healthcare facilities, improved medical training, and expanded access to healthcare for the population. The country has also invested in education, increasing access to quality education across all levels, from primary to tertiary education.
In addition, the government has implemented various programs to support vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities and senior citizens. The state pension system has been reformed to ensure that pensioners receive adequate financial support, and social welfare programs have been established to provide support for households in need.
Overall, these incremental reforms have contributed to improving the rule of law and social sphere in Uzbekistan, and have helped to create a more inclusive society where citizens can enjoy their rights and freedoms. However, there is still much work to be done, particularly in areas such as economic development and corruption. The government's commitment to ongoing reform will be key to ensuring continued progress in these areas.

Option 14
1. Basic laws of philosophy.
Key words: The law of the unity and struggle of opposites, the law of negation of negation, the law of qualitative changes leading to quantitative changes.
Philosophy is a complex and diverse field of study that covers many different areas and subjects. However, there are several basic laws or principles that are fundamental to the practice of philosophy. These include:
1. The law of identity: This principle states that everything that exists has a specific identity that makes it unique and distinct from other entities.
2. The law of non-contradiction: This principle states that something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.
3. The law of excluded middle: This principle states that every proposition must either be true or false, there is no third option.
4. The law of causality: This principle states that every effect has a cause, and every cause produces an effect.
5. The law of simplicity: This principle states that we should always look for the simplest explanation possible for any phenomenon, and that complex explanations should be avoided unless absolutely necessary.
6. The law of sufficient reason: This principle states that everything must have a reason or explanation for its existence or occurrence.
These basic laws of philosophy provide a framework for seeking truth and knowledge through reasoned inquiry and critical thinking. They help to ensure that philosophical arguments are clear, coherent, and logically sound, and they are essential for understanding and evaluating philosophical arguments and ideas.


1) The law of the unity and struggle of opposites: This principle states that everything in the world is made up of opposing forces, which are in constant conflict with each other. These opposing forces are not necessarily equal in strength, but they interact with each other in a way that produces change. For example, the conflict between capitalism and socialism is a manifestation of the law of unity and struggle of opposites.
2) The law of negation of negation: This principle states that every process or phenomenon in the world involves a continual process of negation and overcoming of contradictions. In other words, every time something is transformed or changes, its previous state is negated and a new state emerges. This law explains how change occurs over time, as new phenomena emerge from the negation of existing ones.
3) The law of qualitative changes leading to quantitative changes: This principle states that small, gradual changes can accumulate over time and eventually lead to a fundamental transformation of the system or phenomenon. This law explains how complex systems like economies, societies, and ecosystems can undergo radical transformations over time, as small changes accumulate and eventually produce a new state of being.
2. Main currents of Christianity.
Key words: Catholic, Proto-Slavic, Protestant, Baptist
Christianity is a major world religion that originated in the Middle East over 2000 years ago, and has since spread throughout the world. Over time, several main currents of Christianity have emerged, each with its own unique beliefs and practices. Here are some of the main currents of Christianity:
1. Catholicism: Catholicism is the oldest and largest branch of Christianity, with more than a billion followers worldwide. Catholics believe in the importance of sacraments, as well as the authority of the Pope, who is considered the head of the church.
2. Eastern Orthodoxy: Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest branch of Christianity, with close to 300 million followers. Orthodoxy emphasizes the importance of tradition and ritual, and is known for its elaborate liturgies and iconography.
3. Protestantism: Protestantism is the third largest branch of Christianity, with around 900 million followers. Protestants broke away from Catholicism during the Reformation in the 16th century, and reject many Catholic beliefs and practices. Protestants emphasize individual faith and the Bible as the ultimate authority.
4. Anglicanism: Anglicanism is a branch of Protestantism that emerged in England during the 16th century. The Anglican Church retains many Catholic beliefs and practices, but also emphasizes the importance of individual conscience and the authority of scripture.
5. Evangelicalism: Evangelicalism is a diverse movement within Protestantism that emphasizes personal conversion and spreading the gospel message. Evangelicals place a strong emphasis on the Bible as the ultimate authority and tend to be politically conservative.
6. Pentecostalism: Pentecostalism is a charismatic movement within Christianity that places emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as speaking in tongues and healing. Pentecostals often have lively and emotional worship services and place a strong emphasis on personal experience.
These are just some of the main currents of Christianity, and there are many other variations and sub-branches within each of these categories. Nonetheless, these main currents provide an insight into the diversity of beliefs and practices within Christianity.


1)Catholicism is a major branch of Christianity, with over a billion followers worldwide. Catholics believe in the importance of sacraments, the authority of the Pope, and the intercession of saints. They also follow a hierarchy of priests and bishops.
2)Proto-Slavic refers to the language spoken by early Slavs, which has since evolved into the various Slavic languages spoken today. It is not a religion.
3)Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emerged during the Reformation in the 16th century. Protestants reject many Catholic beliefs and practices and emphasize individual faith and the Bible as the ultimate authority. There are numerous denominations within Protestantism, including Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists, and Baptists.
4)Baptists are a Protestant denomination known for their belief in the importance of adult baptism, which is done by full immersion in water. They also emphasize the importance of personal faith and the authority of scripture. Baptist churches are typically congregationalist in structure, meaning each congregation has its own autonomy without a central governing body.
3. Implementation of rule of law and social sphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan incremental reforms
The Republic of Uzbekistan has undergone significant incremental reforms in recent years towards the implementation of the rule of law and social sphere.
In terms of the rule of law, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of legal reforms aimed at improving accountability and transparency. For example, the government has adopted new laws on public procurement, access to information, and anti-corruption measures. As part of these reforms, Uzbekistan has also established specialized courts for resolving commercial disputes and a constitutional court to ensure the compliance of laws and regulations with the Constitution.
In addition, the government has taken steps to reform the legal system by strengthening the independence of the judiciary and increasing the training of judges and prosecutors. This has included the establishment of a Judicial Training Center to provide continuing education and professional development for judges and court personnel.
Regarding the social sphere, Uzbekistan has also made significant progress in recent years. The government has implemented policies aimed at improving access to education, healthcare, and social welfare. For example, the government has implemented a new system for providing targeted social assistance to vulnerable populations, increased funding for education, and expanded access to healthcare services.
Option 15
1. Issues of the object, subject and subject of knowledge.
Key words: intuition, perception, imagination, emotional knowledge, intellectual knowledge, logical knowledge, subject of knowledge, knowledge, information, information
In philosophy, the terms 'object', 'subject', and 'subject of knowledge' are commonly used to refer to different aspects of human perception and understanding.
The object refers to the entity or phenomenon that is being observed, studied or examined. It is the thing, concept or situation that is external to the observer and exists independently of their thoughts or perceptions. For example, when studying a tree, the tree is the object of study.
The subject, on the other hand, refers to the observer or individual perceiving or experiencing the object. The subject is the conscious and thinking entity who is observing, studying or examining the object. In other words, the subject is the one who is aware of the object and is able to perceive and interpret it. For example, the person studying the tree is the subject.
Finally, the subject of knowledge is the area of study or discipline in which the object and subject are being studied or examined. It is the field of knowledge that focuses on a particular aspect of reality and seeks to understand it through observation, analysis, and interpretation. For instance, botany is the subject of knowledge that studies trees and other plants.
In summary, the object is the entity being studied, the subject is the observer or perceiver of the object, and the subject of knowledge is the discipline or area of study focused on the object and its relationship to the observer.


1)Intuition is a form of knowledge that is obtained without the use of reasoning or analytical thinking. It is an innate ability to understand something without conscious reasoning, and often arises from one's instinct or gut feeling.
2)Perception is the process by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets sensory information from their surroundings. It involves the use of sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to gather information about the environment.
3)Imagination is the ability to form mental images or concepts that are not present in reality. It allows individuals to create new ideas, envision alternative scenarios, and explore possibilities that do not necessarily exist in the physical world.
4)Emotional knowledge is a type of knowledge that is gained through personal experience and emotional response to events, people, and situations. It is knowledge that is acquired through feelings and emotions rather than analytical thinking.
5)Intellectual knowledge is knowledge that is obtained through logical reasoning, analysis, and deduction. It involves the use of intellectual faculties and systematic thinking to gain an understanding of a particular subject or concept.
6)Logical knowledge is knowledge that is based on sound reasoning, scientific principles, and empirical evidence. It involves the use of logical argumentation and systematic methodologies to arrive at a conclusion based on evidence and facts.
7)The subject of knowledge refers to a particular field or area of study that seeks to understand and make sense of a particular aspect of reality. It is the topic or subject matter that is being studied in an academic or scholarly context.
8)Knowledge is a broad term that refers to all the information, experiences, and skills that an individual has acquired over time through learning, observation, and personal experience.
9)Information is a subset of knowledge that refers to specific facts, data, or details that may be useful in addressing a particular problem, making a decision, or acquiring a skill. It is the raw material of knowledge that is used to make sense of the world around us.
2. The history of the essence of the concept of Sufism and its main ideas.
Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that seeks to achieve a direct and personal union with God through spiritual purification and inner discipline. The term Sufi derives from the Arabic word "suf," which means wool, and refers to the simple woolen robes worn by early Sufis as a symbol of asceticism and detachment from material possessions.
The origins of Sufism can be traced back to the 8th century, when Muslim mystics began to advocate a more inward and contemplative approach to Islam. Early Sufis such as Hasan al-Basri and Rabia al-Adawiyya emphasized the importance of inner purification and the cultivation of a deep love for God as a means of attaining spiritual realization.
In the following centuries, Sufism spread throughout the Islamic world, influencing poetry, music, art, and literature. The most famous Sufi poet was Rumi, who lived in the 13th century and wrote extensively about the power of love and mystical union with the divine.
The central ideas of Sufism include the concept of tawhid, the unity of God, and the belief that God can be directly experienced through spiritual practices such as meditation, chanting, and prayer. Sufis also emphasize the importance of surrendering one's ego and desires to God and seeking to align one's will with God's will.
Sufism has often been associated with practices such as dancing, music, and other forms of ecstatic expression, which are seen as a means of transcending the limitations of the self and achieving a state of heightened consciousness. However, Sufi practices vary greatly depending on the cultural context and the specific tradition within Islam.


1)Sufism is a mystical Islamic tradition that emphasizes the inward search for God and a close relationship with Him. It is considered by many to be the inner, spiritual dimension of Islam. Sufism is often associated with the practice of asceticism, meditation, chanting, and other forms of spiritual discipline.
2)Sects are subdivisions within a larger religious group that differ in their beliefs, practices, or interpretations of scripture. In the context of Sufism, there are several different sects or orders, each with its own distinct practices and beliefs.
3)Yassawiya is a Sufi order founded by Sheikh Ahmed Yassawi in the 12th century. The order is centered in Kazakhstan and its followers practice various forms of meditation and chanting.
4)Kubroviya is a Sufi order founded by Sheikh Najmuddin Kubra in the 12th century. The order emphasizes spiritual discipline and a strict adherence to Islamic law.
5)Naqshbandiya is a Sufi order founded by Bahauddin Naqshband in the 14th century. The order emphasizes the importance of daily spiritual practice, including the repetition of a specific phrase or prayer.
6)The concept of the "perfect human" is central to many Sufi traditions. The perfect human is seen as someone who has attained a high degree of spiritual realization and enlightenment. In some Sufi orders, the perfect human is believed to be a living spiritual leader or guide who can help others on their path towards spiritual realization.
3. The main currents of Buddhism.
There are many different currents or schools of Buddhism, but some of the main ones include:
1. Theravada Buddhism: This is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism, which predominates in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. It emphasizes the individual attainment of enlightenment through ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom.
2. Mahayana Buddhism: This school is found in countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, which involves seeking not just one's own enlightenment, but also the enlightenment of all beings. Mahayana Buddhism also places greater emphasis on devotional practices, such as chanting and worshiping Buddha statues.
3. Vajrayana Buddhism: This is also known as Tantric Buddhism and is found mainly in Tibet and Nepal. It emphasizes esoteric practices such as visualizations, mantras, and tantric rituals to achieve enlightenment. Vajrayana Buddhism also places great importance on the role of a guru or spiritual teacher in the path to enlightenment.
Option 16
1. Levels and stages of knowledge.
Key words: intuition, perception, imagination, emotional knowledge, intellectual knowledge, logical knowledge, absent knowledge
In philosophy and cognitive psychology, knowledge is typically divided into three levels based on their depth and degree of certainty. These levels are explained below:
1. The first level is known as the sensory or perceptual level. This level of knowledge is based on our senses and perception. It involves gathering information about the world through our five senses – sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
2. The second level is conceptual or intellectual knowledge. This level of knowledge goes beyond mere sensory perception and involves the use of reason, logic, and analysis to understand concepts and ideas. This level of knowledge is often associated with science, philosophy, and other academic disciplines.
3. The third level is known as intuitive or spiritual knowledge. This level of knowledge is beyond the intellect and involves a direct experience of reality. It is often associated with religion, mysticism, and other spiritual practices.
Within each of these levels or stages, there are also various degrees or levels of knowledge to be attained. For example, in the sensory level, one may have more or less acute senses, or in the conceptual level, one may have a greater or lesser understanding of complex concepts. In the spiritual level, one may achieve different levels of spiritual realization or insight.
Overall, the levels and stages of knowledge suggest that there are many different ways of knowing and understanding the world around us, and that each level provides its own unique perspective and insights.


1. Intuition: This is a form of knowledge that comes from within, without conscious reasoning or analysis. It is often described as a "gut feeling" or a "hunch," and can be difficult to explain or articulate.
2. Perception: This type of knowledge comes from our senses, and involves the interpretation of sensory information. For example, we perceive an object as green because our eyes detect a certain wavelength of light.
3. Imagination: This type of knowledge is related to creativity and the ability to generate mental images or ideas that are not necessarily grounded in reality. It can be used for problem-solving and innovation.
4. Emotional knowledge: This type of knowledge is based on our feelings and emotions, and can include things like empathy, intuition about others' emotional states, and the ability to regulate one's own emotions.
5. Intellectual knowledge: This type of knowledge is based on cognitive processes such as memory, perception, and thinking. It is often associated with academic subjects like science, math, and humanities.
6. Logical knowledge: This type of knowledge involves understanding and applying logical principles, such as deductive reasoning and the rules of inference.
7. Absent knowledge: This refers to knowledge that we do not have, or that we know we do not have. It can be important to recognize when we lack certain knowledge in order to seek out sources of information or expertise.
2. The main currents of Islam.
Key words: Sunni, Shia, sects, Muturidism, Asharism
The main currents of Islam are Sunni and Shia. Sunni Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim world, while Shia Muslims are a significant minority.
The disagreement between Sunni and Shia Muslims stems from a dispute over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community. The majority of Muslims believed that leadership should be determined by popular consensus or election, while a minority believed it should be passed down through the prophet's lineage.
Sunni Islam is characterized by the belief in the legitimacy of the first four caliphs after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, as well as a focus on the importance of Islamic law and traditions. They also recognize the authority of the Prophet Muhammad's companions and their teachings.
Shia Islam, on the other hand, places greater emphasis on the role of the Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, and his descendants as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. Shia Muslims believe that spiritual guidance and inspiration come through these leaders, known as Imams, who have a special relationship with God.
Other less prominent currents in Islam include Sufism, which emphasizes inward spiritual reflection and the cultivation of a personal relationship with God, and reform movements that focus on adapting Islamic principles to modern contexts and promoting social justice.


1. Sunni: Sunni Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim world. They believe in the authority of the first four caliphs after the Prophet Muhammad’s death and tend to follow the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, or Hanbali schools of Islamic law.
2. Shia: Shia Muslims are a significant minority in the Muslim world. They believe in the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, and his descendants as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. Some of the sub-sects of Shia Islam include Twelvers, Ismailis, and Zaidis.
3. Muturidism: Muturidism is a school of Islamic theology that emphasizes the importance of reason and rationality in understanding God and His attributes. This school has influenced the beliefs of Sunni Muslims in particular.
4. Asharism: Asharism is another school of Islamic theology that focuses on the belief in God’s absolute power and His will, rather than the use of reason and rationality. This school has also had an impact on Sunni Islam.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
Option 17
1. Emotional intelligence and its forms.
Key words: intuition, perception, imagination, emotional knowledge
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and express emotions effectively. There are different models of emotional intelligence, and each model identifies different forms of emotional intelligence. Here are four commonly referred to forms of emotional intelligence:
1. Self-awareness: Self-awareness is the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and motivations.
2. Self-regulation: Self-regulation is the ability to manage one's own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a constructive and adaptive way. It involves controlling impulses, managing stress, staying focused, and adapting to change.
3. Social awareness: Social awareness is the ability to understand and empathize with the emotions, needs, and perspectives of others. It involves being aware of social cues, reading nonverbal communication, and recognizing cultural differences.
4. Relationship management: Relationship management is the ability to communicate, collaborate and build relationships with others in a positive and effective way. It involves resolving conflicts, inspiring and influencing others, and providing guidance and support.
These four forms of emotional intelligence are closely related and interdependent. By developing emotional intelligence, individuals can improve their personal and professional relationships, be more effective in their roles, and lead a more fulfilling life.


1. Intuition: Intuition is the ability to understand something instinctively, without relying on conscious reasoning. It can be described as a gut feeling that guides us towards making decisions or taking actions. Intuition is closely linked to emotional intelligence because it involves being aware of emotional cues and using them to make inferences or predictions.
2. Perception: Perception refers to the way we interpret sensory information and make meaning out of it. It involves being able to distinguish between different stimuli and detecting patterns and changes in the environment. Perception is important for emotional intelligence because it allows us to accurately perceive and interpret emotional signals from others.
3. Imagination: Imagination is the ability to create mental images, concepts, or ideas that are not present in the external world. It involves using sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes to generate new possibilities and explore different scenarios. Imagination is valuable for emotional intelligence because it allows us to imagine ourselves in other people's shoes, empathize with their emotions, and come up with creative solutions to problems.
4. Emotional knowledge: Emotional knowledge refers to our understanding of our own emotions and the emotions of others. It involves being able to recognize and label different emotions, understand their causes and consequences, and regulate them effectively. Emotional knowledge is a fundamental component of emotional intelligence because it enables us to manage our own emotions, empathize with others, and build strong relationships.
2. The role of religions in the spiritual growth of our people.
Key words: religion, spirituality, culture, society, freedom of conscience
Religion plays a significant role in the spiritual growth of individuals and communities. It provides a framework for understanding life's purpose, ethics, and morality. Religion offers a set of beliefs, practices, and rituals that help individuals deepen their spirituality and connect with a higher power.
For many people, religion is a source of comfort and guidance, providing a sense of meaning and direction in life. It can help them deal with difficult emotions, such as grief and fear, and provide hope and support during challenging times. Religious practices, such as prayer, meditation, and attending services, can also promote feelings of peace, love, and compassion.
Religion can also help promote social cohesion and community-building. Many religious institutions offer opportunities for individuals to connect with others who share similar beliefs and values, creating a sense of belonging and shared purpose. Religious organizations often engage in charitable works and outreach programs, supporting disadvantaged communities and promoting social justice.
However, it's important to note that religion can also be a source of conflict and division. Religious differences have been the root cause of many wars and conflicts throughout history. It's essential to promote religious tolerance and respect for diversity while recognizing the positive role religion can play in people's lives.
Overall, religion can play an important role in individuals' spiritual growth and personal development, providing a sense of purpose, community, and support.


1)Religion refers to a set of beliefs and practices related to a supernatural power, whereas spirituality is a broader concept that involves a personal sense of connection to a higher purpose or meaning in life.
2)Culture, on the other hand, encompasses the shared beliefs, customs, and values of a specific group or community.
3)Society is the sum of all individuals who form a community, and it shapes cultural and religious beliefs, as well as the expression of personal spirituality.
4)Freedom of conscience is the right to hold and practice one's beliefs without interference or coercion from others, including the state. It's an essential component of individual autonomy and human rights.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
Option 18
1. What is society. The reasons for its origin.
Key words: Society, human, individual, sociology, need, social contract
Society refers to a group of individuals who live together in a community and share a common set of beliefs, values, traditions, and institutions. Societies can be small or large and can exist at different levels, such as family, tribe, city, or country.
The origin of society can be traced back to the need for human beings to cooperate and work together to survive. In the early stages of human history, people lived in small groups and relied on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. As they evolved and developed agriculture and other technologies, they formed more complex societies with specialized roles and hierarchies of authority.
Other factors that may have contributed to the origin of society include the need for protection from external threats, the desire to exchange goods and services, and the development of language, which allowed for communication and cooperation.
Overall, society is a complex phenomenon shaped by social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental factors, and it continues to evolve and change over time.


1)Society is a complex social phenomenon that refers to a group of individuals living together in a community and sharing a common set of beliefs, values, and cultural practices.
2)The individual is the basic unit of society, and sociology is the scientific study of human society, including its origins, development, structure, and functions.
3)Humans have certain fundamental needs, such as food, shelter, safety, love, and belonging, which are satisfied through social interaction and cooperation within society. These needs are not only physical but also emotional and psychological, and they vary across cultures and individuals.
4)Social contract theory posits that individuals enter into a mutual agreement with one another to form a society in which they agree to abide by certain rules, laws, and norms for the greater good of all members of the community. This concept is central to modern political theory and has been influential in shaping modern democratic societies.
2. Different aspects of the main currents in Islam.
Key words: Sunni, Shia, sects, Muturidism, Asharism, prayer, prayer
There are several different currents within Islam, each with its own distinct interpretations and practices. Some of the most significant include:
1. Sunni Islam: This is the largest and most mainstream branch of Islam, comprising about 80-85% of all Muslims worldwide. Sunnis believe that the community should select its leaders, and they also follow the teachings of the hadith, which are the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
2. Shia Islam: This is the second-largest branch of Islam, comprising about 10-15% of all Muslims worldwide. Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as his successor, and they reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs who succeeded him.
3. Sufism: Sufism is a mystical and spiritual branch of Islam that emphasizes the inner spiritual experience and seeks to cultivate a closer relationship with God through prayer, meditation, and other spiritual practices.
4. Salafism: Salafism is a conservative, puritanical interpretation of Sunni Islam that emphasizes strict adherence to the Quran and the hadith. Salafis often reject modern Western values and seek to return to what they see as the pure and unadulterated Islam of the early Muslim community.
5. Reformist Islam: This is a movement within Islam that seeks to reinterpret Islamic scripture and tradition in order to make it more compatible with modern values and practices. Reformist Muslims often advocate for greater gender equality, democracy, and social justice.
6. Political Islam: This refers to those Muslims who view Islam not only as a religion but also as a political ideology that should guide the organization of society and government. Many political Islamists seek to establish Islamic states or societies based on Islamic law and values.


1)Sunni Islam is the largest and most mainstream branch of Islam, and it comprises about 80-85% of all Muslims worldwide. Sunnis believe that the community should select its leaders, and they also follow the teachings of the hadith, which are the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
2)Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam, comprising about 10-15% of all Muslims worldwide. Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as his successor, and they reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs who succeeded him.
3)There are also several different sects within Sunni and Shia Islam, each with its own particular set of beliefs and practices. For example, some of the major Sunni sects include Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, each named after their respective founders. Similarly, in Shia Islam, there are several different branches, including Twelver, Ismaili, and Zaidi.
4)Muturidism and Asharism are two of the most prominent schools of Islamic theology (kalam) within Sunni Islam. Muturidism is characterized by its emphasis on strict adherence to the Quran and the hadith, while Asharism emphasizes the importance of logical reasoning and rejects the use of personal judgment in matters of theology.
5)Prayer is a core component of Islamic practice, and Muslims are required to perform five daily prayers (salat) at specific times throughout the day. These prayers involve standing, bowing, and prostrating in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, while reciting specific verses from the Quran.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.


Option 19
1. Spirituality and its place in the life of society.
Key words: Spirituality, forms of social consciousness, high spirituality, society, person, family, education
Spirituality can play an important role in the life of society, as it provides individuals with a sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to something larger than themselves. It can help people to cope with difficult situations, find inner peace and happiness, and cultivate virtues such as compassion, gratitude, and forgiveness.
In many religious traditions, spirituality is considered to be the foundation of a healthy and well-balanced life. It encourages individuals to live in accordance with ethical and moral principles, and to strive for personal growth and self-improvement.
Moreover, spirituality can foster a sense of community and social cohesion, as individuals come together to share their experiences and support one another in their spiritual journeys. It can also inspire acts of kindness and social service, as people seek to live out their spiritual values through charitable works and other forms of social activism.
Overall, while spirituality is often seen as a personal matter, it can have far-reaching effects on society as a whole, promoting greater well-being, compassion, and harmony among individuals and communities.


Spirituality can have a significant impact on various forms of social consciousness such as empathy, compassion, gratitude, and forgiveness. Individuals who cultivate a high level of spirituality tend to be more aware of the needs and feelings of others, and are more likely to engage in acts of kindness and social service. This can contribute to a more compassionate and harmonious society as a whole.
At the same time, spirituality is a deeply personal matter that can vary widely from person to person. Some individuals may find meaning and purpose in organized religion, while others may seek out alternative forms of spirituality such as meditation, yoga, or mindfulness practices.
The family unit can play an important role in fostering spirituality, by providing a supportive and nurturing environment for individuals to explore and develop their spiritual beliefs. Education can also play a critical role in shaping spiritual development, by exposing individuals to diverse perspectives and encouraging them to think critically about their beliefs and values.
Ultimately, spirituality can serve as a powerful tool for promoting social consciousness, personal growth, and community building. However, it is important that individuals are free to explore and express their spirituality in ways that are authentic and meaningful to them, without fear of judgement or persecution.
2. The concept of religious tolerance.
Key words: tolerance, tolerance, pluralism, freedom of conscience
Religious tolerance is the idea that people of different religious beliefs can live together peacefully and respectfully, without feeling the need to impose their beliefs on others or to discriminate against those who hold different beliefs. It is based on the principle of respecting diversity and accepting that individuals have the right to practice their religion freely and without fear of persecution.
However, achieving religious tolerance is not always easy, as it requires a willingness to listen to and respect the beliefs of others, even when they differ from our own. It also requires a commitment to open dialogue and a recognition of the value of diversity. Religious leaders, educators, and policymakers all have important roles to play in promoting religious tolerance, by fostering interfaith dialogue, supporting diversity and inclusion initiatives, and promoting human rights and freedoms.
In summary, religious tolerance is an important concept that promotes peace, understanding, and mutual respect among people of different religious beliefs. It is an essential aspect of building a harmonious and inclusive society in which all individuals are valued and respected for who they are.


1)Tolerance is the willingness to accept and respect the beliefs, practices, and values of others, even if they differ from our own. It involves recognizing that diversity exists within society and that people have the right to practice their religion freely without being discriminated against or persecuted.
2)Pluralism is the idea that multiple religious, cultural, and social groups can coexist in a society. In a pluralistic society, people recognize and celebrate diversity, and there is a commitment to acknowledge and value the differences among people and communities.
3)Freedom of conscience is the right to hold any religious or non-religious belief without fear of persecution or discrimination. This includes the right to change one's religion or belief system and to practice one's religion without interference from others.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan


The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 20
1. Universal problems, their main direction and characteristics of manifestation.
Universal problems are issues or challenges that affect people around the world regardless of their geographic location, culture, or economic status. Some examples of universal problems include poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, conflict and violence, disease and health disparities, and discrimination.
The main direction of universal problems is to improve the well-being, safety, and security of people everywhere. They require global cooperation and collective action to find sustainable solutions that benefit everyone. Addressing universal problems often involves identifying and addressing the root causes of these issues, which can be complex and multifaceted.
The characteristics of manifestation of universal problems can vary based on the specific issue, but in general, they may include:
- Widespread impact: Universal problems affect millions of people worldwide and have far-reaching consequences.
- Systematic disadvantages: Certain groups or populations may be disproportionately affected due to systemic inequalities and discrimination.
- Interconnectedness: Universal problems are often interconnected and have a ripple effect on other aspects of society and the environment.
- Persistent and complex: Many universal problems have been present for decades or even centuries, and they often require sustained effort to address and resolve.
- Urgency: Some universal problems, such as climate change or pandemics, have urgent and immediate implications that require immediate action to mitigate their impact.


1)Globalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and interconnectedness. It promotes the idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through economic, technological, and cultural exchange and that global challenges require global solutions.
2)Globalization refers to the process of increasing connectivity and interdependence between countries through trade, investment, information, technology, and people flows. It has led to greater economic growth, but also to increased inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation.
3)Demographic problems refer to issues related to population growth, aging, migration, and urbanization. These problems can have an impact on social and economic systems, including healthcare, education, and employment opportunities.
4)Energy problems refer to challenges associated with energy production and consumption, such as reducing dependence on fossil fuels, increasing energy efficiency, and developing renewable energy sources. The transition to a low-carbon economy is essential to address climate change and reduce air pollution.
2. The emergence and spread of Buddhism.
Buddhism is a major world religion that originated in ancient India over 2,500 years ago. It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as the Buddha or "awakened one". He achieved enlightenment after years of meditation and reflection, and taught his followers the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to ultimate liberation from suffering.
Buddhism began to spread beyond India during the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE, when Emperor Ashoka embraced the religion and sent missionaries to other parts of Asia. Buddhism gradually spread to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan over the centuries, adapting to local cultures and traditions along the way.
The spread of Buddhism was facilitated by various factors, including the use of a common script (Sanskrit), the patronage of rulers and merchants, and the development of trade routes such as the Silk Road. The religion also appealed to people seeking a path to spiritual enlightenment and inner peace, regardless of their social status or background.


- Buddha: The Buddha (meaning "awakened one" in Sanskrit) is the historical founder of Buddhism. His original name was Siddhartha Gautama, and he lived in ancient India around 500 BCE. He is revered as a spiritual teacher and guide by Buddhists around the world.
- Nirvana: Nirvana is a central concept in Buddhism that refers to the ultimate goal of spiritual practice. It is often described as a state of complete liberation from suffering and rebirth, and is achieved through the practice of meditation and adherence to the Eightfold Path.
- Yoga: Yoga is a holistic system of physical and mental practices that originated in ancient India. While it is not specifically associated with Buddhism, many Buddhist practitioners incorporate yoga into their spiritual practice as a means of cultivating mindfulness, concentration, and physical well-being.
- Enlightened: In Buddhism, enlightenment (or awakening) refers to a profound spiritual realization that liberates one from the cycle of suffering and rebirth. It is often described as a state of clear understanding and wisdom, characterized by compassion, insight, and non-attachment.
- Mahayana: Mahayana is one of the two main branches of Buddhism, the other being Theravada (or Hinayana). Mahayana emphasizes the importance of compassion and altruism, and teaches that all beings have the potential to attain enlightenment. It is practiced in China, Japan, Korea, and other parts of East Asia.
- Hinayana: Hinayana (or Theravada) is a branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the individual path to enlightenment through the cultivation of wisdom and moral discipline. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, and other parts of Southeast Asia.
- Lamaism: Lamaism (also known as Tibetan Buddhism) is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that is practiced primarily in Tibet and neighboring regions. It emphasizes the importance of guru-disciple relationships, incorporates aspects of shamanism and indigenous Tibetan religion, and places a strong emphasis on the practice of meditation.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
Option 21
1. Levels and stages of knowledge.
There are several different ways to categorize the levels and stages of knowledge, but one common framework is:
- Novice: Someone who is new to a subject and has little or no experience or understanding.
- Beginner: Someone who has some basic knowledge and skills but is still learning the fundamentals.
- Intermediate: Someone who has a solid understanding of the subject and can apply their knowledge in practical situations.
- Advanced: Someone who has a deep level of expertise and can handle complex problems and challenges.
- Expert: Someone who is highly skilled and knowledgeable in the subject, often with years or decades of experience.
Another way to think about stages of knowledge is through Bloom's Taxonomy, which breaks down learning into six levels:
1. Remembering: recalling information from memory
2. Understanding: comprehending the meaning of information
3. Applying: using knowledge in a new situation
4. Analyzing: breaking down information into parts to better understand it
5. Evaluating: judging the value or quality of information
6. Creating: using knowledge to produce something new or original.
By progressing through these stages, learners can deepen their understanding and mastery of a subject.
1. Intuition: This is a form of knowledge that comes from within, without conscious reasoning or analysis. It is often described as a "gut feeling" or a "hunch," and can be difficult to explain or articulate.
2. Perception: This type of knowledge comes from our senses, and involves the interpretation of sensory information. For example, we perceive an object as green because our eyes detect a certain wavelength of light.
3. Imagination: This type of knowledge is related to creativity and the ability to generate mental images or ideas that are not necessarily grounded in reality. It can be used for problem-solving and innovation.
4. Emotional knowledge: This type of knowledge is based on our feelings and emotions, and can include things like empathy, intuition about others' emotional states, and the ability to regulate one's own emotions.
5. Intellectual knowledge: This type of knowledge is based on cognitive processes such as memory, perception, and thinking. It is often associated with academic subjects like science, math, and humanities.
6. Logical knowledge: This type of knowledge involves understanding and applying logical principles, such as deductive reasoning and the rules of inference.
7. Absent knowledge: This refers to knowledge that we do not have, or that we know we do not have. It can be important to recognize when we lack certain knowledge in order to seek out sources of information or expertise.
2. Different aspects of the main currents in Islam.
There are several different currents within Islam, each with its own distinct interpretations and practices. Some of the most significant include:
1. Sunni Islam: This is the largest and most mainstream branch of Islam, comprising about 80-85% of all Muslims worldwide. Sunnis believe that the community should select its leaders, and they also follow the teachings of the hadith, which are the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
2. Shia Islam: This is the second-largest branch of Islam, comprising about 10-15% of all Muslims worldwide. Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as his successor, and they reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs who succeeded him.
3. Sufism: Sufism is a mystical and spiritual branch of Islam that emphasizes the inner spiritual experience and seeks to cultivate a closer relationship with God through prayer, meditation, and other spiritual practices.
4. Salafism: Salafism is a conservative, puritanical interpretation of Sunni Islam that emphasizes strict adherence to the Quran and the hadith. Salafis often reject modern Western values and seek to return to what they see as the pure and unadulterated Islam of the early Muslim community.
5. Reformist Islam: This is a movement within Islam that seeks to reinterpret Islamic scripture and tradition in order to make it more compatible with modern values and practices. Reformist Muslims often advocate for greater gender equality, democracy, and social justice.
6. Political Islam: This refers to those Muslims who view Islam not only as a religion but also as a political ideology that should guide the organization of society and government. Many political Islamists seek to establish Islamic states or societies based on Islamic law and values.


1)Sunni Islam is the largest and most mainstream branch of Islam, and it comprises about 80-85% of all Muslims worldwide. Sunnis believe that the community should select its leaders, and they also follow the teachings of the hadith, which are the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
2)Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam, comprising about 10-15% of all Muslims worldwide. Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as his successor, and they reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs who succeeded him.
3)There are also several different sects within Sunni and Shia Islam, each with its own particular set of beliefs and practices. For example, some of the major Sunni sects include Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, each named after their respective founders. Similarly, in Shia Islam, there are several different branches, including Twelver, Ismaili, and Zaidi.
4)Muturidism and Asharism are two of the most prominent schools of Islamic theology (kalam) within Sunni Islam. Muturidism is characterized by its emphasis on strict adherence to the Quran and the hadith, while Asharism emphasizes the importance of logical reasoning and rejects the use of personal judgment in matters of theology.
5)Prayer is a core component of Islamic practice, and Muslims are required to perform five daily prayers (salat) at specific times throughout the day. These prayers involve standing, bowing, and prostrating in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, while reciting specific verses from the Quran.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
Option 22
1. Sources of Sharia. The science of Hadith.
Key phrases: Qur'an, Fiqh, Bukhari, Tirmidhi, Sahih, Muhaddis, Qudsi Hadith, Nabawi Hadith
Sharia is the Islamic legal system that governs the behavior of Muslims according to Islamic principles. It is based on two primary sources: the Quran and Hadith.
The Quran is the holy scripture of Islam, and it contains the direct word of Allah as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The Quran is considered the primary source of Islamic law, and its teachings are considered to be immutable.
Hadith, on the other hand, are collections of sayings and actions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. These collections were compiled by scholars over several centuries after Muhammad's death. Hadith provide a detailed record of how the Prophet lived his life and how he interpreted and applied the teachings of the Quran.
The science of Hadith is a branch of Islamic scholarship that focuses on verifying the authenticity of Hadith collections. The process involves examining each individual hadith in detail to determine its chain of transmission (isnad) and its narrator's credibility (matn). This rigorous process ensures that only authentic hadith are included in collections used as sources for Islamic law.
Together, these two sources provide guidance for Muslims on how to live their lives in accordance with Islamic principles, including matters related to worship, personal conduct, family law, business transactions, and criminal justice.


1)The Qur'an is the holy book of Islam and contains the teachings and revelations of Allah to the Prophet Muhammad.
2)Fiqh refers to Islamic jurisprudence, which is the study of legal principles and practices in Islam.
3)Bukhari and Tirmidhi are compilers of hadith, which are sayings or actions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. Sahih means authentic and indicates that the hadith in question has been verified as accurate by scholars.
4)Muhaddis refers to a scholar who specializes in the study of hadith.
5)Qudsi Hadith are those that are believed to be direct revelations from Allah but were not included in the Qur'an.
6)Nabawi Hadith are those that were narrated by or about the Prophet Muhammad.
2. Freedom of conscience in Uzbekistan.
Key words: tolerance, tolerance, pluralism, freedom of conscience
The constitution provides for freedom of religion or belief and separation of government and religion. The law allows for restricting religious activities when necessary to maintain national security, the social order, or morality.


1)Tolerance: The ability to accept and respect differences in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors of others without judgement or prejudice.
2)Pluralism: The coexistence of diverse cultural, religious, and social groups within a society.
3)Freedom of conscience: The right to hold and express one's own beliefs without fear of persecution or discrimination.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 23
1. Activities of religious denominations in Uzbekistan.
Key words: religions, confession, tolerance, tolerance, freedom of conscience
Uzbekistan is predominantly a Muslim country with over 90% of the population being followers of Islam. However, there are also small communities of Orthodox Christians, Jews and other religious denominations in the country.
Religious organizations in Uzbekistan are required by law to register with the government and obtain permission before conducting any activities. The government closely monitors religious activities in order to prevent extremist groups from operating within the country.
Despite these regulations, there are several religious denominations that operate openly in Uzbekistan. These include:
- Islam: The majority religion in Uzbekistan with Sunni Islam being the predominant branch followed by Shia Muslims.
- Orthodox Christianity: There are several Orthodox Christian churches in Uzbekistan with most followers belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Judaism: There is a small community of Jews in Uzbekistan who follow their own customs and traditions.
- Protestantism: There are several Protestant churches operating openly in Uzbekistan despite facing some restrictions on their activities.
These religious organizations conduct various activities such as prayer services, religious education, charitable works, and cultural events. However, they are closely monitored by the government and are required to adhere to certain restrictions on their activities.


Religions are diverse belief systems that provide a framework for individuals to understand their place in the world and their relationship with a higher power.
Confession is a fundamental practice in many religions, where individuals confess their sins or wrongdoings to a religious authority or deity.
Tolerance is an important principle in all religions, as it promotes acceptance and respect for diversity. It involves understanding and appreciating different beliefs, values, and cultures without trying to impose one's own beliefs on others.
Freedom of conscience is the right to hold any religious or non-religious belief without fear of persecution or discrimination. It is essential for promoting diversity and pluralism in society.
2. Protection of human rights, social equality, justice and tolerance in Islam.
Key words: perfect person, morality, justice, tolerance, humanity
Islam places great emphasis on the protection of human rights, social equality, justice and tolerance. These values are deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
One of the fundamental rights protected by Islam is freedom of conscience. This means that every individual has the right to believe in any religion or ideology without coercion or compulsion. The Quran says: "There is no compulsion in religion" (2:256).
Islam also promotes tolerance towards people of other faiths. The Quran encourages Muslims to interact with people from different backgrounds with kindness and respect, stating: "And dispute not with the People of the Book (Jews and Christians) except with means better (than mere disputation)" (29:46).
In addition, Islam emphasizes social equality and justice for all individuals regardless of their race, ethnicity or social status. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "All people are equal like the teeth of a comb." This means that no one is superior to another based on their lineage or ethnicity.
In Islam, confession or sharing one's religious beliefs is considered a personal matter between an individual and God. It is not permissible for anyone to force their beliefs upon another person.
Overall, Islam promotes a society that values human rights, social equality, justice and tolerance. These values are essential for creating a peaceful and harmonious community where all individuals can flourish.


1)A perfect person is someone who embodies all the positive qualities that humans aspire to, such as kindness, empathy, intelligence, generosity, and honesty. However, perfection is subjective and can vary from culture to culture.
2)Morality refers to the principles and values that guide human behavior. It encompasses concepts like right and wrong, good and evil, fairness, respect for individual rights and dignity.
3)Justice refers to the fair treatment of individuals in society. It includes concepts like equality before the law, due process of law, impartiality in decision-making processes, and protection of human rights.
4)Tolerance refers to the acceptance and respect for other people's beliefs or behaviors that are different from one's own. It involves a willingness to understand cultural differences and appreciate diversity.
5)Humanity refers to the inherent value of human life. It encompasses ideas like compassion for others, protection of vulnerable populations such as children or refugees; and recognition of universal human rights.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.


Option 24
1. The essence of aesthetic perception of world.
Key words: Aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic perception, aesthetic assessment, taste, sophistication
Aesthetic perception of the world involves the ability to appreciate and understand beauty, harmony, and artistic expression in various forms. It is a way of experiencing the world that goes beyond mere sensory input and involves a deeper emotional and intellectual engagement with one's surroundings. Aesthetic perception can be developed through exposure to art, music, literature, nature, and other sources of inspiration. It allows individuals to see the world in a more meaningful and fulfilling way, and can lead to greater creativity, empathy, and appreciation for the diversity of human experience.


1)Aesthetic perception refers to the ability to appreciate beauty and art in the surrounding environment, including nature, architecture, literature, music, painting, sculpture, and other forms of creative expression. It involves a heightened sensitivity and awareness of the sensory qualities of objects and their emotional impact on individuals.
2)Aesthetic consciousness is a state of mind that allows individuals to perceive beauty and value in the world around them. It involves an appreciation for symmetry, proportionality, harmony, balance, color, texture, form, and other aesthetic qualities that contribute to the overall visual or auditory experience.
3)Aesthetic assessment refers to the process of evaluating art or other forms of creative expression based on their aesthetic merits. This involves analyzing and interpreting various aspects of a work such as its technical skill, originality, expressiveness, emotional impact, cultural significance or relevance.
4)Taste refers to an individual's personal preferences or biases when it comes to aesthetic perception. This includes an individual's unique sense of style or aesthetic sensibility that influences their choices in art or design.
5)Sophistication is a measure of an individual's level of knowledge or understanding when it comes to art and aesthetics. A sophisticated individual has a deeper understanding and appreciation for the complexities and nuances involved in artistic expression.
2. Concept, judgment, conclusion.
Key words: concept, predicate, subject, simple and advanced sentence, syllogism
Concept refers to an abstract idea or general notion that represents something in the mind. In aesthetics, it can refer to a theoretical framework used to understand art.
Judgment involves making a decision based on critical evaluation or analysis. In aesthetics, it can refer to making an assessment about the artistic value or quality of a work.
Conclusion is a final decision or opinion reached after evaluating evidence and arguments. In aesthetics, it can refer to forming an overall impression about a work based on various factors such as its composition, meaning, and emotional impact.


1)Predicate: The part of a sentence that expresses what is said about the subject.
2)Subject: The person, place, thing, or idea that is being talked about in a sentence.
3)Simple sentence: A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
4)Advanced sentence: A sentence consisting of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
50Syllogism: A logical argument in which a conclusion is drawn from two premises.
3.Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 25
1. Basic laws of philosophy.
Key words: The law of the unity and struggle of opposites, the law of negation of negation, the law of qualitative changes leading to quantitative changes.
The basic laws of philosophy include:
- The law of non-contradiction: a statement cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same context.
- The law of identity: something is what it is, and not something else.
- The law of excluded middle: a statement must be either true or false, without any middle ground.
- The principle of sufficient reason: everything must have a reason or cause for its existence or occurrence.
- The principle of causality: every effect has a cause, and every cause produces an effect.
- The principle of rationality: we can know reality through reason and rational inquiry.
- The principle of universality: what is true or valid for one thing must be true or valid for all similar things.


1)The law of the unity and struggle of opposites states that everything in the universe is composed of contradictory elements that are interconnected and in constant conflict with each other. This conflict leads to change and development.
2)The law of negation of negation suggests that every process or phenomenon goes through a series of stages, including a phase of negation, followed by a phase of negation of that negation, resulting in a new state or level.
3)The law of qualitative changes leading to quantitative changes proposes that changes in quality can accumulate over time, resulting in significant quantitative changes. For example, small incremental improvements can lead to significant advancements over time.
2. The main currents of Buddhism.
Key words: Mahayana, Hinoyana, Lamaism
There are many different currents or schools of Buddhism, but some of the main ones include:
1. Theravada Buddhism: This is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism, which predominates in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. It emphasizes the individual attainment of enlightenment through ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom.
2. Mahayana Buddhism: This school is found in countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal, which involves seeking not just one's own enlightenment, but also the enlightenment of all beings. Mahayana Buddhism also places greater emphasis on devotional practices, such as chanting and worshiping Buddha statues.
3. Vajrayana Buddhism: This is also known as Tantric Buddhism and is found mainly in Tibet and Nepal. It emphasizes esoteric practices such as visualizations, mantras, and tantric rituals to achieve enlightenment. Vajrayana Buddhism also places great importance on the role of a guru or spiritual teacher in the path to enlightenment.


These are three different branches of Buddhism. Mahayana is a broader and more inclusive form of Buddhism, characterized by the belief in the bodhisattva path and the idea that all beings can achieve enlightenment. Hinayana, also known as Theravada, is a more conservative form of Buddhism that emphasizes individual liberation through insight and meditation. Lamaism, also known as Tibetan Buddhism, is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that incorporates shamanic elements and places great emphasis on the role of spiritual leaders (lamas) in guiding individuals towards enlightenment.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 26
1. Movement and its main forms.
Key words: physical, chemical, social, mechanical, biological action, change
Movement refers to the act of changing physical location or position from one place to another. It can also refer to a group of people working together towards a common goal or objective. In general, movement can take different forms, including:
- Human Movement: This involves the physical movement of people from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc.
- Social Movement: This refers to a group of individuals or organizations working together towards achieving a common social or political goal. Examples include civil rights movements, feminist movements, environmental movements, etc.
- Economic Movement: This refers to the movement of goods and services from one place to another. Examples include transportation of goods by trucks, ships, planes, etc.
- Cultural Movement: This is a movement aimed at preserving or promoting cultural heritage and traditions. Examples include language revitalization programs or festivals celebrating cultural traditions.


1) Physical action: Physical actions refer to any alteration in the physical state or appearance of an object or substance, without changing its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation.
2) Chemical action: Chemical actions refer to any transformation that alters the chemical composition of an object or substance. Examples include combustion or burning, oxidation, reduction, acid-base reactions, and precipitation.
3) Social action: Social actions refer to modifications in social structures, behaviors, or relationships among individuals or groups. Examples include political revolutions, social movements, cultural changes, or economic shifts.
4) Mechanical action: Mechanical actions refer to any alteration in the shape, position, or movement of an object or substance through mechanical forces. Examples include compression, stretching, twisting, bending, or shearing.
5) Biological action: Biological actions refer to any modification or alteration in living organisms or biological systems. Examples include growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, adaptation, evolution, or diseases
2. Activities of religious denominations in Uzbekistan.
Key words: religions, confession, tolerance, tolerance, freedom of conscience
Uzbekistan is predominantly a Muslim country with over 90% of the population being followers of Islam. However, there are also small communities of Orthodox Christians, Jews and other religious denominations in the country.
Religious organizations in Uzbekistan are required by law to register with the government and obtain permission before conducting any activities. The government closely monitors religious activities in order to prevent extremist groups from operating within the country.
Despite these regulations, there are several religious denominations that operate openly in Uzbekistan. These include:
- Islam: The majority religion in Uzbekistan with Sunni Islam being the predominant branch followed by Shia Muslims.
- Orthodox Christianity: There are several Orthodox Christian churches in Uzbekistan with most followers belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Judaism: There is a small community of Jews in Uzbekistan who follow their own customs and traditions.
- Protestantism: There are several Protestant churches operating openly in Uzbekistan despite facing some restrictions on their activities.
These religious organizations conduct various activities such as prayer services, religious education, charitable works, and cultural events. However, they are closely monitored by the government and are required to adhere to certain restrictions on their activities.


Religions are diverse belief systems that provide a framework for individuals to understand their place in the world and their relationship with a higher power.
Confession is a fundamental practice in many religions, where individuals confess their sins or wrongdoings to a religious authority or deity.
Tolerance is an important principle in all religions, as it promotes acceptance and respect for diversity. It involves understanding and appreciating different beliefs, values, and cultures without trying to impose one's own beliefs on others.
Freedom of conscience is the right to hold any religious or non-religious belief without fear of persecution or discrimination. It is essential for promoting diversity and pluralism in society.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 27
1. Islamic doctrine and philosophy.
Basic phrases: religion, creed, fiqh, shari'a, propaganda, belief, faith
Islamic doctrine and philosophy refer to the beliefs and principles that form the foundation of Islam as a religion. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the nature of God, the purpose of human existence, morality, and ethics.
At its core, Islamic doctrine emphasizes the oneness of God (tawhid) and submission to His will (Islam). Muslims believe in the existence of angels, prophets, and a Day of Judgment when individuals will be held accountable for their actions.
Islamic philosophy explores these concepts further through reason and logic. It examines questions related to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and politics. Many Muslim philosophers have contributed to the development of Islamic thought throughout history.
Overall, Islamic doctrine and philosophy provide a comprehensive framework for understanding Islam as both a religion and a way of life.


Religion refers to a system of beliefs and practices related to the worship of a higher power or deity.
Creed refers to a set of beliefs or principles that guide an individual's religious faith.
Fiqh refers to Islamic jurisprudence, which deals with the practical application of Islamic law in everyday life.
Shari'a refers to Islamic law, which is based on the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah (the example set by the Prophet Muhammad).
Propaganda refers to information or ideas that are spread for the purpose of influencing opinions or behavior.
Belief refers to a conviction or acceptance that something is true, often associated with religious or spiritual convictions.
Faith refers to a strong belief in something, often associated with religious belief and trust in a higher power or deity.
2. What forms of existence exist.
Key words: objective existence, subjective existence, reality, potential existence, virtual existence
Existence is a complex and deeply philosophical concept that has been explored by many great thinkers throughout history. From a broad perspective, we can say that there are two main forms of existence:
1. Physical Existence: This refers to the tangible and observable world around us, including all the living and nonliving things in the universe. Physical existence can be studied and measured through various scientific methods, and our understanding of it has led to great technological advances.
2. Metaphysical Existence: This refers to the realm of existence beyond the physical world, which includes abstract concepts like consciousness, ideas, emotions, spiritual beliefs, and values. Metaphysical existence cannot be directly observed or measured, but it plays an important role in shaping our perception of the world and our place in it.
Within these two main categories, there are many more specific forms of existence that have been identified and explored by different philosophical and religious traditions. These include ideas like the soul, the afterlife, the divine, and the meaning of life. Ultimately, the nature of existence is a deeply personal and subjective question that each individual must explore and seek to understand for themselves.


1) Objective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist independently of our perception or experience of them. For example, a chair has objective existence because it exists whether or not anyone is looking at it or thinking about it.
2) Subjective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that are dependent on our perception or experience of them. For example, the color red exists subjectively because it is a product of our brain's interpretation of certain wavelengths of light. Another example might be the subjective experience of pain, which is a personal and internal experience.
3) Reality: This refers to the totality of all that exists, whether it is objective or subjective. Reality is often understood as the sum total of all physical and metaphysical entities and experiences.
4) Potential Existence: This refers to the existence of things that could exist but do not currently exist in reality. For example, a novel that someone has the potential to write exists as a concept or idea, even if it has not yet been realized as a physical book.
5) Virtual Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist in a digital or computer-generated environment. For example, a character in a video game has virtual existence because it only exists within the context of the game, even though it may appear to be a fully-realized person or object.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 28
1. Subject and object of the science of logic.
Key words: Formal and dialectical logic, universe of thought
The subject of the science of logic is the study of reasoning and inference, and the principles that govern them. The object of logic is to provide a systematic and rigorous framework for evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and determining the validity of conclusions. In other words, logic aims to identify the rules that govern correct thinking, in order to provide a basis for sound reasoning and decision making. This includes both deductive reasoning (drawing conclusions from premises) and inductive reasoning (inferring general principles from specific observations).


1)Formal logic deals with the formal structure of arguments and focuses on deductive reasoning. It is concerned with identifying valid forms of argument and developing rules for assessing their validity.
2)Dialectical logic, on the other hand, is concerned with examining the content and context of arguments. It looks at how people reason in practice, rather than focusing solely on abstract forms. Dialectical logic seeks to understand how different perspectives interact in a dialogue or debate, and how they can be reconciled or resolved through rational discussion.
3)universe of thought refers to the realm of ideas, concepts, and arguments that can be analyzed and evaluated using logical reasoning.
2. What is ontology?
Key words: Existence, non-existence, presence, Wolff, matter, attribute, consciousness, movement, space, time, perception
Ontology is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the study of existence and the nature of being. It is concerned with the fundamental categories and relationships that exist between things, including their properties, relations, and structures. Ontology seeks to identify and classify the entities that make up reality, as well as to understand how they are related to each other and to the world at large. It is an important area of inquiry in philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence, and other fields where understanding the structure of reality is essential.


1)Existence refers to the state of being real or having objective reality. Non-existence is the opposite of existence and refers to a lack of being or absence of existence.
2)Presence refers to something being physically or mentally here and now. It can refer to the physical presence of an object or person, as well as the mental presence of a thought or feeling.
3)Wolff is a reference to Christian Wolff, an 18th-century German philosopher who contributed to several fields including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and logic.
4)Matter refers to anything that has mass and takes up space. It is one of the fundamental concepts in physics and chemistry.
5)Attribute refers to a characteristic or quality that is inherent in something. In philosophy, attributes are often used to describe the nature of God or other metaphysical entities.
6)Consciousness refers to our subjective experience of awareness and perception. It is one of the most debated topics in philosophy and neuroscience.
7)Movement refers to a change in position or location over time. It is one of the fundamental concepts in physics.
8)Space refers to the three-dimensional extent in which objects exist and events occur. It is also a fundamental concept in physics.
9)Time refers to the progression from past through present to future. It is another fundamental concept in physics and philosophy.
10)Perception refers to our ability to interpret sensory information from our environment. It involves processes such as sensation, attention, memory, and cognition.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 29
1. Movement and its main forms.
Key words: physical, chemical, social, mechanical, biological action, change
Movement refers to the act of changing physical location or position from one place to another. It can also refer to a group of people working together towards a common goal or objective. In general, movement can take different forms, including:
- Human Movement: This involves the physical movement of people from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc.
- Social Movement: This refers to a group of individuals or organizations working together towards achieving a common social or political goal. Examples include civil rights movements, feminist movements, environmental movements, etc.
- Economic Movement: This refers to the movement of goods and services from one place to another. Examples include transportation of goods by trucks, ships, planes, etc.
- Cultural Movement: This is a movement aimed at preserving or promoting cultural heritage and traditions. Examples include language revitalization programs or festivals celebrating cultural traditions.


1) Physical action: Physical actions refer to any alteration in the physical state or appearance of an object or substance, without changing its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation.
2) Chemical action: Chemical actions refer to any transformation that alters the chemical composition of an object or substance. Examples include combustion or burning, oxidation, reduction, acid-base reactions, and precipitation.
3) Social action: Social actions refer to modifications in social structures, behaviors, or relationships among individuals or groups. Examples include political revolutions, social movements, cultural changes, or economic shifts.
4) Mechanical action: Mechanical actions refer to any alteration in the shape, position, or movement of an object or substance through mechanical forces. Examples include compression, stretching, twisting, bending, or shearing.
5) Biological action: Biological actions refer to any modification or alteration in living organisms or biological systems. Examples include growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, adaptation, evolution, or diseases
2. The renewal process of the philosophical outlook and youth education.
Key words: Progress and thinking, independence and philosophy, renewal of the philosophical outlook, renewal of philosophy and ideological processes, change of thinking, Third Renaissance
The renewal process of the philosophical outlook and youth education involves re-evaluating traditional philosophical perspectives and educational practices in light of current social, cultural, and technological changes. This renewal process requires a critical examination of the assumptions, values, and goals embedded in philosophical and educational frameworks to ensure that they align with the needs and aspirations of young people today.
One important aspect of renewing the philosophical outlook is to emphasize the importance of critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. This means moving away from rote learning and memorization towards active learning strategies that encourage students to question assumptions, analyze evidence, and develop their own ideas. It also means placing greater emphasis on interdisciplinary learning that integrates different subject areas to help students see how different fields relate to one another.
Overall, renewing the philosophical outlook and youth education involves rethinking traditional approaches in light of contemporary challenges while remaining committed to promoting intellectual curiosity, social justice principles, diversity & inclusion values among young people.


The concepts of progress and thinking have always been intertwined with philosophy, and the desire for independence in thought has led to the renewal of philosophical outlooks throughout history. In modern times, this renewal is often associated with the need to address ideological processes and promote a change of thinking that can lead to a Third Renaissance in philosophy. As we seek new ways of understanding ourselves and our world, the role of philosophy in shaping our intellectual and cultural landscape remains essential.
3. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

Option 30
1. What forms of existence exist.
Key words: objective existence, subjective existence, reality, potential existence, virtual existence
Existence is a complex and deeply philosophical concept that has been explored by many great thinkers throughout history. From a broad perspective, we can say that there are two main forms of existence:
1. Physical Existence: This refers to the tangible and observable world around us, including all the living and nonliving things in the universe. Physical existence can be studied and measured through various scientific methods, and our understanding of it has led to great technological advances.
2. Metaphysical Existence: This refers to the realm of existence beyond the physical world, which includes abstract concepts like consciousness, ideas, emotions, spiritual beliefs, and values. Metaphysical existence cannot be directly observed or measured, but it plays an important role in shaping our perception of the world and our place in it.
Within these two main categories, there are many more specific forms of existence that have been identified and explored by different philosophical and religious traditions. These include ideas like the soul, the afterlife, the divine, and the meaning of life. Ultimately, the nature of existence is a deeply personal and subjective question that each individual must explore and seek to understand for themselves.


1) Objective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist independently of our perception or experience of them. For example, a chair has objective existence because it exists whether or not anyone is looking at it or thinking about it.
2) Subjective Existence: This refers to the existence of things that are dependent on our perception or experience of them. For example, the color red exists subjectively because it is a product of our brain's interpretation of certain wavelengths of light. Another example might be the subjective experience of pain, which is a personal and internal experience.
3) Reality: This refers to the totality of all that exists, whether it is objective or subjective. Reality is often understood as the sum total of all physical and metaphysical entities and experiences.
4) Potential Existence: This refers to the existence of things that could exist but do not currently exist in reality. For example, a novel that someone has the potential to write exists as a concept or idea, even if it has not yet been realized as a physical book.
5) Virtual Existence: This refers to the existence of things that exist in a digital or computer-generated environment. For example, a character in a video game has virtual existence because it only exists within the context of the game, even though it may appear to be a fully-realized person or object.
2. Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.
3. Sources of Sharia. The science of Hadith.
Key phrases: Qur'an, Fiqh, Bukhari, Tirmidhi, Sahih, Muhaddis, Qudsi Hadith, Nabawi Hadith
Sharia is based on a number of sources including the Quran, the Sunnah (the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), and the Hadith (the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad as reported by his companions). Hadith is an important source of Islamic law and ethics, as it provides guidance on how to live a righteous life according to Islamic principles.
The science of Hadith involves the critical analysis and verification of Hadith reports to determine their authenticity. This process involves examining the chain of transmission (isnad) through which a particular Hadith has been transmitted, as well as the content (matn) of the Hadith itself.
Scholars use a variety of methods to assess the reliability and authenticity of Hadith reports, such as examining the character and credibility of narrators, analyzing any contradictions or inconsistencies within a report, and comparing different versions of a report to identify any discrepancies.
The science of Hadith has played an important role in shaping Islamic jurisprudence and ethical principles over the centuries. It continues to be a vital area of study for scholars seeking to understand and interpret Islamic law in modern times.


1)The Qur'an is the holy book of Islam and contains the teachings and guidance of Allah (God) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. It is considered the primary source of Islamic law and ethics.
2)Fiqh refers to Islamic jurisprudence, which encompasses the legal principles and rules derived from the Qur'an, Sunnah (the Prophet's teachings), and consensus of Islamic scholars.
3)Bukhari and Tirmidhi are two of the most famous collections of Hadith, which are sayings, actions, or approvals attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. Sahih means "authentic" in Arabic and is used to denote Hadith collections that are considered reliable by Islamic scholars.
4)Muhaddis refers to a scholar or expert in Hadith studies who has specialized knowledge in verifying and analyzing Hadith texts.
Qudsi Hadith are a subset of Hadith that contain direct statements from Allah communicated through the Prophet Muhammad.
5)Nabawi Hadith refers specifically to Hadith that directly quote or describe actions of the Prophet Muhammad.

Option 31

1. 
   Reforms implemented in the socio-economic and political life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
   

The Republic of Karakalpakstan, which is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, has undergone some significant socio-economic and political reforms in recent years. Here are some examples:
1. Decentralization: In 2017, the Uzbek government introduced a new law on the "On the Local Governance System and Local Administration Bodies." This law delegatedThe Republic of Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic in Uzbekistan, has undergone several reforms in its socio-economic and political life.
1. Agricultural Reforms: The government has implemented various agricultural reforms to improve the productivity and efficiency of the farming sector. The use of modern technologies, improved irrigation systems, and land consolidation programs have helped to increase crop yields and incomes for farmers.
2. Healthcare Reforms: The healthcare system in Karakalpakstan has also been reformed to provide better access to quality healthcare services. The government has invested in improving medical facilities, training healthcare professionals, and expanding health insurance coverage.
3. Education Reforms: The education system in Karakalpakstan has undergone significant reforms to improve the quality of education and increase access to schooling. The government has invested in building new schools, providing training for teachers, and introducing digital technologies into the classroom.
4. Political Reforms: The government has introduced several political reforms to promote democracy and transparency in governance. Elections are now held regularly, and the role of civil society organizations and independent media has been strengthened.
5. Environmental Reforms: The government has implemented various environmental reforms to address the environmental challenges faced by the region. The government has introduced laws and regulations to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development.

2. 
   Fundamentals of Islam.
   

Key words: Islam, Muslimness, monotheism, revelation, faith, prayer, fasting, zakat, hajj
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century CE by the Prophet Muhammad. Its followers are called Muslims, and they believe in one God (Allah) and follow the teachings of the Quran, which is considered to be the holy scripture of Islam.
The fundamental beliefs in Islam are known as the Five Pillars of Islam:
1. Shahada: declaration of faith in the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad.
2. Salat: performing five daily prayers.
3. Zakat: giving charity to the poor and needy.
4. Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan.
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in a lifetime, for those who are able.
Islam also emphasizes the importance of good deeds, moral behavior, and treating others with respect and kindness. Muslims believe in the Day of Judgment, when every person will be held accountable for their actions in this life.
Overall, Islam teaches that submission to God's will leads to peace, happiness, and salvation both in this life and in the hereafter.


Islam is a religion that was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century in Arabia. The central belief in Islam is monotheism, which means that there is only one God. Muslims, as followers of Islam are called, believe that God revealed the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad, which is the holy scripture of Islam.
Muslimness refers to the state of being a Muslim, which involves following the teachings of Islam and living according to its principles and values.
Revelation in Islam refers to the message that God conveyed to His prophets, which includes the revelation of the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims believe that the Quran is a divine revelation and contains guidance and instructions for leading a righteous life.
Faith is an essential aspect of Islam and refers to the deep and unwavering belief in God and the teachings of Islam. Muslims believe that faith is fundamental to their relationship with God and their ultimate salvation.
Prayer is one of the five pillars of Islam and involves performing ritual prayers five times a day, which is known as Salah. Muslims believe that prayer helps them to connect with God and seek His guidance and blessings.
Fasting during the month of Ramadan is another pillar of Islam. Muslims fast from dawn to dusk throughout the month, refraining from food and drink. The purpose of fasting is to develop self-control, discipline, and empathy for those less fortunate.

3. 
   The role of scholars of Uzbekistan in the development of Islamic teachings and secular sciences.
   

Basic phrases: Bukhari, Termizi, Khorezmi, Farghani, Farabi, Beruni
Scholars of Uzbekistan have played a significant role in the preservation and development of Islamic teachings and secular sciences.
In the field of Islamic teachings, Uzbekistan has a rich history of Islamic scholarship dating back to the 9th century. Prominent Islamic scholars like Imam Bukhari, Imam Tirmidhi, and Imam Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi were born and taught in the territory that is now Uzbekistan. These scholars made essential contributions to the development of Islamic jurisprudence, Hadith studies, and Islamic theology.


These are all famous scholars and philosophers from the Islamic Golden Age.
- Bukhari (810-870) was a prominent scholar of hadith, which are the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
- Termizi (824-892) was a leading imam and theologian who wrote extensively on Islamic law and theology.
- Khorezmi (780-850) was a mathematician and astronomer who is known for his works on algebra, which introduced the concept of algorithm and gave rise to the term "algorithm."
- Farghani (9th century) was an astronomer and geographer who wrote on the movements of celestial bodies and compiled a world map based on Ptolemy's Geography.
- Farabi (870-950) was a philosopher and polymath who wrote on a range of topics including logic, ethics, politics, and music.
- Beruni (973-1048) was a scholar of various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, history, geography, linguistics, and anthropology. He wrote over 100 works, including his famed pioneering contributions to geodesy and trigonometry.