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• Kerosene, for households.
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for households.
Measurement: Average price charged by the main distributors on 1 January.
Prices for gasoline and diesel should be pump prices. For heating gasoil and residual
fuel oil, a standard offtakes or delivery must be defined, as in general the unit price is
lower for larger deliveries. Standard offtakes should
be defined for domestic
consumers and for industrial consumers. For example, in the countries of the
European Union, prices are collected for the following:
• Heating gasoil: deliveries of 2000–5000 litres.
• Heavy fuel oil: offtakes less than 2000 tonnes per month or less than 24 000
tonnes per year.
Coal:
• Steam coal, for industry and for households.
• Coking coal, for industry.
Measurement: In many countries, the main users of coal are electricity generators and
the steel industry. These users often directly import
coal to meet their own needs, in
which case it is sufficient to collect data on coal import prices.
Electricity, District Heat and Piped Gas:
• Electricity, for industry and for households.
• Natural gas, for industry and for households.
• Heat, for industry and for households.
Measurement: Average prices charged by main distributors on 1 January.
For electricity, heat and gas, a similar alternative is to use industry and household
surveys to collect information
on quantities of electricity, heat and gas purchased and
amounts charged, and to calculate average expenditure per unit purchased. This is
strictly speaking not a true price, but rather a weighted price, where the weighting
varies from one year to another. However, it is preferable
to the average revenue
method.
The average revenue method, commonly used for lack of a better alternative, is based
on data from utilities on average revenue per unit delivered. However, it is generally
not possible to distinguish between sales to domestic and industrial customers, and
data are skewed towards industry as the major consumers. Moreover,
revenue data
often include charges for connecting new customers to the network and for repairs, as
well as income from sales of appliances.
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