Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency


ENV2: Ambient concentrations of air pollutants in urban areas



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ENV2: Ambient concentrations of air pollutants in urban areas 
Brief Definition 
Ambient concentrations of air pollutants such as 
ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter 
(PM10, PM2.5, total suspended particulate [TSP], 
black smoke), sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, 
benzene and lead 
Units 
Micro- or milligrams per cubic metre (
μg/m

or 
mg/m
3
), as appropriate 
Alternative Definitions 
None 
Agenda 21 
Chapter 9: Protection of the atmosphere 
POLICY RELEVANCE
(a) Purpose: This indicator provides a measure of the state of the environment in 
terms of air quality, which can be a health concern in urban areas. It also provides an 
indirect measure of the population exposure relevant to impacts on human health and 
vegetation. 
(b) Relevance to Sustainable Development: An increasing percentage of the world’s 
population lives in urban areas. High population density and the concentration of 
industry and traffic exert great pressures on local environments. Air pollution from 
energy use in households, industry, power stations and transportation (motor vehicles) 
is often a major problem. As a result, the greatest potential for human exposure to 
ambient air pollution and subsequent health problems occurs in urban areas. 
Improving air quality is a significant aspect of promoting sustainable human 
settlements. This indicator may be used to monitor trends in air pollution as a basis for 
prioritizing policy actions; to map levels of air pollution in order to identify hotspots 
or areas in need of special attention; to help assess the number of people exposed to 
excessive levels of air pollution; to monitor levels of compliance with air quality 
standards; to assess the effects of air quality policies; and to help investigate 
associations between air pollution and health effects. 

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