an organism . Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. In multicellular organisms, a number of
cells of the same kind interact with one another and carry out shared functions to form tissues (such as muscle
tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue), a number of tissues come together to form an organ (such as the
stomach, heart, or brain), and a number of organs make up an organ system (such as the
digestive
system,
circulatory system, or nervous system). Together, various systems form an organism (such as an elephant, for
example).
There are many types of cells, and all are grouped into one of two broad categories:
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic . Eukaryotic cells include those found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists, whereas prokaryotic
cells include those found in bacteria and archaea. Let's first look at how biologists study cells before going over
the criteria for determining whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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.
2.1 Reading Resource #2 :Microscopy Sizes of cells differ. Individual cells are typically too small to be observed with the naked eye, so
researchers use microscopes to study them. An instrument that magnifies an object is a microscope.
Micrographs are photographs of individual cells that are typically taken under a microscope.
Light Microscopes A typical human red blood cell measures eight millionths of a meter, or eight micrometers (abbreviated
as m), in diameter. In comparison, the head of a pin measures approximately two thousandths of a meter
(millimeters, or mm). Thus, 250 red blood cells or so could fit on the head of a pin. An optical light microscope's
lenses change the image's orientation. When viewed through a microscope, a specimen that is upside-down and
facing right on the microscope slide will appear upside-down and facing left, and vice versa. Similar to how
the slide will appear to move right and left when viewed through a microscope, moving the slide down will
make it appear to move up. This happens as a result of the two sets of lenses that microscopes use to enlarge
the image. The way light passes through the lenses in this lens system causes an inverted image to be created
(binoculars and a dissecting microscope work in a similar manner, but include an additional magnification
system that makes the final image appear to be upright).
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Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology, Chapter 3, -Pp.56. OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
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Figure 18. (a) The majority of light microscopes used in biology labs in colleges can magnify
cells up to roughly 400 times. (b) When examining larger objects, such as tissues, dissecting
microscopes are used because they have a lower magnification than light microscopes.