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CDC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Charles N. Farmer; credit b: modification of work by Rocky
Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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2.1 Reading Resource #3:
Cell Theory
The microscopes we use today are much more sophisticated than those Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a
Dutch shopkeeper with great lens-making talent, used in the 1600s. Van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements
of sperm and protists, which he collectively referred to as "animalcules," despite the limitations of his now-
antiquated lenses. Experimentalist Robert Hooke named the box-like structures he noticed when viewing cork
tissue through a lens "cell" (from the Latin cella, meaning "small room") in a 1665 publication titled
Micrographia. In the 1670s, van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and protozoa. Later advances in lenses and
microscope construction enabled other scientists to see different components inside cells. The unified cell
theory, which asserts that all living things are made up of one or more cells, that a cell is the fundamental
building block of life, and that all new cells develop from older cells, was put forth by zoologist Theodor
Schwann and botanist Matthias Schleiden in the late 1830s while they were researching tissues. These
guidelines remain valid today
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