3.2 Reading Resource #1: The Structure of DNA Francis Crick and James Watson collaborated to discover the structure of DNA at the University of
Cambridge in England in the 1950s. Other researchers were also engaged in this field, including Linus Pauling
and Maurice Wilkins. Pauling had used X-ray crystallography to determine the secondary structure of proteins.
X-ray crystallography is a technique for determining molecular structure by looking at the patterns created
when X-rays are fired through a substance's crystal.
The patterns reveal vital details about the structure of the target molecule. Rosalind Franklin, a
researcher in Wilkins' lab, used X-ray crystallography to comprehend the structure of DNA. Franklin's
information helped Watson and Crick put the DNA molecule's puzzle together. Additionally, important details
from other researchers, such as Chargaff's rules, were available to Watson and Crick. Of the four different types
of monomers (nucleotides) that make up a DNA molecule, Chargaff had demonstrated that two of them were
consistently present in equal amounts, and the other two were also consistently present in equal amounts. This
implied that they were frequently paired. The Nobel Prize in Medicine was given to James Watson, Francis
Crick, and Maurice Wilkins in 1962 for their research into the structure of DNA.
Now let's examine the two different nucleic acids' structures: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleotides, the DNA's building blocks, are composed of three components: a
deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) , a
phosphate group , and a
nitrogenous base (Figure 37). There are four types
of nitrogenous bases in DNA. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are double-ringed purines, and cytosine (C) and
thymine (T) are smaller, single-ringed pyrimidines. The nucleotide is named according to the nitrogenous base
it contains.